SELAMAT DATANG Dr. JEFRI SITORUS, M.Kes semoga sukses memimpin KKP Kelas I Medan------------------------ Kami Mengabdikan diri Bagi Nusa dan Bangsa untuk memutus mata rantai penularan penyakit Antar Negara di Pintu Masuk Negara (Pelabuhan Laut, Bandar Udara dan Pos Lintas Batas Darat=PLBD) ------

Disease Outbreak News

Saturday, May 2, 2009

Influenza A(H1N1) - update 9

2 May 2009 -- The situation continues to evolve. As of 06:00 GMT, 2 May 2009, 15 countries have officially reported 615 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

1. Mexico has reported 397 confirmed human cases of infection, including 16 deaths. The 241 rise in cases from Mexico compared to 23:30GMT of 1 May reflects ongoing testing of previously collected specimens.

2. The United States Government has reported 141 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths :

3. Austria (1),

4. Canada (34),

5. China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1),

6. Denmark (1),

7. France (1),

8. Germany (4),

9. Israel (2),

10. Netherlands (1),

11. New Zealand (4),

12. Republic of Korea (1),

13. Spain (13),

14. Switzerland (1)

15. and the United Kingdom (13).

Further information on the situation will be available on the WHO website on a regular basis.

WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders. It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities. There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_05_02/en/index.html

Siapkah Dunia Hadapi Pandemi?

Mewabahnya influenza A (H1N1) atau dikenal dengan flu babi, membuat dunia diliputi kekhawatiran. Apalagi Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mewanti-wanti mengenai potensi pandemi penyakit itu. Siapkah dunia menghadapinya?
Berdasarkan level kewaspadaan terhadap influenza A yang ditetapkan WHO, yakni level 5, dunia sudah berada setingkat di bawah pandemi. Artinya, banyak pemandangan tak menyenangkan akan terjadi dalam waktu beberapa bulan ke depan.
Mulai dari pembatasan berbagai hal, perbatasan antar negara yang ditutup, larangan berpergian (travel ban), dan berebut bahan pokok sehari-hari akan menjadi pemandangan yang tak asing lagi dalam beberapa waktu ke depan.
Jika WHO mengubah statusnya ke level tertinggi atau level 6, berbagai pemerintahan mulai menerapkan UU masing-masing. Mereka akan melakukan tindakan yang diperlukan untuk mengisolasi dan mengobati infeksi. Juga mencegah penyebaran lebih jauh dan membuat roda sosial tetap berputar.
Awal pekan ini, Senin (27/4), status level WHO masih berada di angka 4. Strategi ini sangat penting guna mencegah penyebaran virus, terutama di luar Meksiko yang asal muasal virus. Keputusan WHO menaikkan statusnya ke level 5 terjadi setelah balita Meksiko berusia 23 bulan di Texas, AS, tewas pada Rabu (29/4).
Selain itu, kasus influenza A dari Spanyol ternyata bukan dari seseorang yang pernah mengunjungi Meksiko. Pada tiga fase peringatan pertama, WHO berharap pemerintahan bersiap meminimalisir risiko pandemi. Mereka diharapkan memonitor peternakan dengan intens, serta mengantisipasi kemungkinan munculnya rangkaian baru.
Setelah menginjak level 4, tujuan utamanya berubah. Kini pemerintah sibuk mengisolasi kawasan yang terinfeksi agar tak menulari kawasan yang masih sehat. Tindakan darurat hanya bisa diberlakukan ketika level kewaspadaan menginjak angka 6.
Berdasarkan data yang dihimpun New Scientist, kesiapan dunia dalam menghadapi pandemi ternyata masih setengah-setengah. Bukan suatu hal yang mengejutkan bahwa negara miskin adalah yang persiapannya paling tidak matang.
Namun demikian, di negara kaya sekalipun persiapannya juga tak merata. Dalam sebuah jajak pendapat yang digelar pada 2007 di 30 negara Eropa, dalam persiapan menghadapi pandemi mereka masih terbagi dua. Jurang pemisah itu terletak pada kesiapan fungsi sosial.
Seperti sistem kesehatan, serta penyediaan listrik, transportasi, layanan perbankan, makanan, dan berbagai kebijakan penting lainnya. Dari 30 negara yang didata, hanya 12 negara Eropa yang memiliki kesiapan itu.
“Perencenaan multisektoral merupakan hal yang sangat vital pada masa-masa krisis,” ujar salah seorang penulis laporan tersebut, Sandra Mounier-Jack dari London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM).
Tiga negara dengan persiapan terbaik adalah Jerman, Prancis, dan Inggris. Dalam rencana mereka, sudah termasuk cara membuat pekerja vital tetap menjalankan industri dan layanan masing-masing. Beberapa sudah memenuhi syarat WHO dengan mengadakan simulasi.
Tingkat kesiapan juga sangat tinggi di Asia Tenggara dan Australasia. Kebanyakan negara di kawasan ini sudah pernah melakukan simulasi pandemi dan memiliki berbagai macam peralatan penting. Misalnya pendeteksi panas di bandara. Negara-negara ini banyak belajar dari wabah SARS pada 2003, serta flu burung yang masih tersisa.
Meski demikian, di Afrika hanya 35 dari 53 negara yang memiliki rencana menghadapi pandemi. “Parahnya, dari 35 negara ini pun masih kekurangan rencana dan pendekatan yang strategis,” ujar Paul Coker dari LSHTM yang meneliti kesiapan benua hitam itu.
Selain itu, persiapan mayoritas negara Afrika itu lebih menekankan kepada pendeteksian dan penanggulangan flu burung di hewan. Mereka, sejujurnya, tak memiliki persiapan untuk menangani pandemi flu manusia.
Saat ini, negara-negara di belahan bumi bagian selatan sedang memasuki siklus flu musiman. Artinya, virus flu akan menyebar dengan mudah. Penduduk pun menjadi lebih rentan jika influenza A menjadi pandemi.
“Dalam sebulan, musim dingin Australia akan tiba dan belahan bumi bagian utara akan memasuki musim panas. Negara berkembang sudah berjuang dengan meningkatnya HIV, TB, dan malaria. Pandemi flu akan menjadi sesuatu yang benar-benar menguji sistem kesehatan,” ujar seorang dosen kesehatan di University if Sydney, Raina MacIntyre. [E1]
Sumber : http://www.inilah.com Oleh Vina Ramitha
Credit Foto dan Ilustrasi : Dr. H. Masrip Sarumpaet, M.Kes

3 more S'poreans tested

THREE more Singaporeans are being tested for the H1N1 virus, said the Ministry of Health in a statement sent late on Friday.

Of the 25 cases investigated thus far, 21 cases tested negative for Influenza A, three tested positive for the usual circulating seasonal strains of Influenza A, and one is pending laboratory investigations.

There are no confirmed cases of infection in the country as yet, said MOH.

On Thursday, Singapore raised its Disease Outbreak Response System Alert status to orange.

The government will issue a home quarantine order (HQO) to those with a travel history to Mexico over the past seven days.

Those affected will be required to be quarantined for seven days when they enter Singapore.

In the interim, the MOH will conduct phone notification and surveillance for those who have arrived from Mexico in the past seven days.

Members of the public who are returning from other areas with evidence of community transmission of the H1N1 virus (New York, California, Kansas and Texas in the United States, and the state of Nova Scotia in Canada) are advised to stay at home for seven days upon return and check themselves for symptoms of flu-like illness.

They are also advised to avoid public spaces.

MOH advises the public to maintain high standards of personal hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, especially after contact with respiratory secretions.

Those who are unwell with respiratory illness should stay at home and wear a surgical mask if possible.

MOH is monitoring the situation closely and will update the public should there be any new developments.

For more information on Influenza A (H1N1-2009), visit MOH's website at www.moh.gov.sg or call the MOH hotline at 1800-333 9999.

Source : http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_371195.html

Influenza A(H1N1) - update 8.1

1 May 2009 -- The situation continues to evolve. As of 23:30 GMT, 1 May 2009, 13 countries have officially reported 367 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

  1. The United States Government has reported 141 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.
  2. Mexico has reported 156 confirmed human cases of infection, including nine deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths :

  1. Austria (1),
  2. Canada (34),
  3. China, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region (1),
  4. Denmark (1),
  5. Germany (4),
  6. Israel (2),
  7. Netherlands (1),
  8. New Zealand (4),
  9. Spain (13),
  10. Switzerland (1) and
  11. the United Kingdom (8).

Further information on the situation will be available on the WHO website on a regular basis.

WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders. It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities.

There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_05_01a/en/index.html

Friday, May 1, 2009

Hong Kong govt confirms first H1N1 flu case

Fri May 1, 2009 9:06am EDT

HONG KONG, May 1 (Reuters) - The Hong Kong government on Friday confirmed the city's first case of the H1N1 flu on Friday in a Mexican traveller.

Chief Executive Donald Tsang told reporters the Mexican travelled on a flight from Mexico to Hong Kong with a stopover in Shanghai.

This is the first case of the H1N1 flu reported in Greater China since the outbreak of the disease in Mexico in March. (Reporting by Donny Kwok; editing by Sugita Katyal)

Source : http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUST24603

Influenza A(H1N1) - update 7

1 May 2009 -- The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 06:00 GMT, 1 May 2009, 11 countries have officially reported 331 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection.

  1. The United States Government has reported 109 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death.
  2. Mexico has reported 156 confirmed human cases of infection, including nine deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths –

  1. Austria (1),
  2. Canada (34),
  3. Germany (3),
  4. Israel (2),
  5. Netherlands (1),
  6. New Zealand (3),
  7. Spain (13),
  8. Switzerland (1) and
  9. the United Kingdom (8).

Further information on the situation will be available on the WHO website on a regular basis. WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders. It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities.

There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_05_01/en/index.html

Cegah flu babi, penumpang luar negeri menjadi perhatian

Friday, 01 May 2009 13:31 WIB

WASPADA ONLINE

MEDAN - Sebanyak dua pintu kedatangan penumpang luar negeri di Sumatera Utara menjadi perhatian petugas kesehatan. Hal ini dilakukan petugas untuk mencegah penularan virus flu babi yang merebak di Meksiko. Perhatian utama tertuju pada penumpang yang menderita demam dengan memaksimalkan alat pendeteksi suhu tubuh.

"Kasus penderita positif flu ini semakin meluas ke negara lain. Prioritas kewaspadaan kami pada penumpang yang berasal dari negara yang ada kasus flu babi. Karena itu, kami perlu meningkatkan penjagaan di terminal kedatangan penumpang luar negeri," tutur Kepala Bidang Pengendalian Karantina dan Surveilance Epidemiologi Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan Kelas I Medan Masrip Sarumpaet, tadi pagi, di Medan.

Perhatian lebih dilakukan di Bandar Udara Polonia, Medan, karena di tempat ini jumlah penumpang dari luar negeri lebih banyak dibanding Pelabuhan Belawan. Setiap hari, di Polonia terdapat 15 jadwal kedatangan penerbangan luar negeri. Dari semua jadwal ini, enam di antaranya dari Penang (Malaysia), empat Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), dan lima Singapura.

Selain petugas jaga, pihak Kantor Kesehatan Pelabuhan Kelas I Medan menempatkan thermal scanner (alat pendeteksi suhu tubuh manusia) dan body clean disinfeksi (alat pencuci hama pada manusia). Setiap hari, kedua alat ini beroperasi sejak jadwal penerbangan pertama sekitar pukul 07.00 sampai pukul 22.00.

Thermal scanner secara otomatis menunjukkan tanda warna merah pada layar komputer jika kamera video menangkap pergerakan seseorang yang demam. Petugas akan menghentikan penumpang tersebut sebelum masuk ke body clean disinfeksi. Meski dua alat ini sudah terpasang sejak Februari lalu di Bandara Polonia, Medan, petugas belum menemukan penumpang dari luar negeri yang dalam kondisi demam.

Mekanisme yang sama juga kami berlakukan di Pelabuhan Belawan. Namun, di Belawan petugas menggunakan alat thermal scanner melalui kuping penumpang. Sebelum penumpang turun ke dermaga, petugas masuk ke kapal memeriksa penumpang yang demam dengan memasukkan alat pendeteksi suhu tubuh ke kuping penumpang. Demikian dikatakan Masrip.

Secara terpisah, Kepala Seksi Veteriner Dinas Peternakan Sumut Nurdin Lubis mengatakan, Pemerintah Provinsi Sumut memperketat peredaran babi dari satu daerah ke daerah lain. Pengetatan mobilitas babi ini dilakukan dengan memberlakukan surat kesehatan hewan dari dinas terkait jika ada perpindahan babi. Flu babi yang merebak di Meksiko menular dengan perantaraan hewan babi.

(put/pas)

Sumber : http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84488&Itemid=28

15 Negara Bagian AS Terjangkit Flu H1N1, 300 Sekolah Diliburkan

Rita Uli Hutapea - detikNews

Washington - Kasus flu babi (flu H1N1) terus bertambah. Di Amerika Serikat (AS), jumlahnya kini telah mencapai 118 penderita. Ke-118 kasus itu terdapat di 15 negara bagian. New Jersey dan Colorado merupakan dua negara bagian yang terakhir melaporkan kasus tersebut.

Gubernur New Jersey Jon Corzine mengumumkan lima orang telah dikonfirmasi terjangkit virus H1N1. Namun kondisi mereka semua tidak serius. "Kelima orang itu terkena kasus ringan Influenza H1N1," kata Corzine. "Tak ada yang dirawat di rumah sakit dan semuanya mulai sembuh di rumah," imbuhnya.

Wabah terbesar di AS adalah di negara bagian New York dengan 50 kasus. Sebanyak 49 kasus di antaranya dilaporkan di New York City, yang kebanyakan bersumber di satu sekolah.

Otoritas setempat saat ini masih menyelidiki 16 kasus lainnya yang diduga flu H1N1. Namun situasi di sana stabil. "Kebanyakan kasus tergolong ringan," kata Walikota New York Michael Bloomberg seperti diberitakan kantor berita AFP, Jumat (1/5/2009).

Secara lengkap, kasus flu H1N1 di AS dilaporkan di: Arizona (1), California (14), Colorado (2), Indiana (1), Kansas (2), Massachusetts (2), Michigan (1), Minnesota (1), Nebraska (1), Nevada (1), New Jersey (5), New York (50), Ohio (1), South Carolina (10) dan Texas (26).

Untuk mencegah penyebaran flu H1N1, sekitar 300 sekolah di 11 negara bagian diliburkan. Sebagian besar sekolah yang diliburkan itu berada di negara bagian New York dan Texas.

Sumber: http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/05/01/102134/1124386/10/

Swine Influenza : The situation continues to evolve rapidly




The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 22.35 (UTC), 30 April 2009, 13 countries have officially reported 276 cases of influenza A (H1N1) infection.
Number of countries with confirmed or suspected cases = 43.
Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_flu_2009#cite_note-WHO_update_5-13



Influenza A(H1N1) - update 6

30 April 2009 -- The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 17:00 GMT, 30 April 2009, 11 countries have officially reported 257 cases of influenza A (H1N1) infection.

The United States Government has reported 109 laboratory confirmed human cases, including one death. Mexico has reported 97 confirmed human cases of infection, including seven deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (19), Germany (3), Israel (2), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (3), Spain (13), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (8).

Further information on the situation will be available on the WHO website on a regular basis.

WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders. It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities.

There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_30_a/en/index.html

Govt. confirms one case of swine flu in Ireland

Thursday April 30 2009

The Department of Health has confirmed the first case of swine flu in Ireland.

Officials confirmed that one person has tested positive for the virus in a briefing at Government Buildings in Dublin this afternoon.

The person affected is a man from the east of the country who recently arrived home from Mexico.

In the UK, the number of confirmed cases of swine flu has risen to eight, with the latest cases confirmed in Newcastle and London.

All eight people infected with the virus have some association with travel to Mexico.

Source : http://www.herald.ie/breaking-news/national-news/govt-confirms-one-case-of-swine-flu-in-ireland-1725478.html


 

Thursday, April 30, 2009

Swine Flu telah berjangkit pada 13 Negara dan suspect 26 Negara

Setelah lama kita tidak mendengar kasus flu burung, kita dikejutkan dengan munculnya flu babi di Meksiko. Sejak Maret lalu dilaporkan sudah 176 orang meninggal dunia dari 2498 orang suspek dan 99 orang Laboratory confirmed.

Direktur Jenderal Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) Margaret Chan telah memperingatkan potensi pandemi itu. Mobilitas orang dan produk pertanian secara internasional sangat mungkin menyebabkan perpindahan virus yang menjadi penyebab flu itu.

Berikut Negara-negara yang telah Positif terjangkit Swine Influenza (Laboratory confirmed)


Mexico
United States
Canada

Spain
United Kingdom
New Zealand

Germany
Israel
Costa Rica
Peru
Switzerland
Austria
Netherlands

Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_flu_2009#cite_note-WHO_update_5-13

Dutch confirm swine flu case in three year-old

Thu Apr 30, 2009 6:08am EDT

AMSTERDAM, April 30 (Reuters) - Dutch health authorities have confirmed one case of swine flu in the Netherlands, Dutch news agency ANP reported on Thursday, citing the health ministry. A three year-old child had contracted the virus, ANP said.

This is the first confirmed case in the Netherlands. (Reporting by Reed Stevenson and Aaron Gray-Block)

Source : http://www.reuters.com/article/europeCrisis/idUSAAT007741

Indonesia terapkan 'travel warning' ke Meksiko

Thursday, 30 April 2009 13:47 WIB

WASPADA ONLINE


 

JAKARTA - Pemerintah memperingatkan seluruh warga Indonesia untuk tidak mengunjungi Meksiko, menyusul ditingkatkannya status waspada pandemi influenza dari fase empat ke fase lima oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) terkait penyebaran penyakit flu babi di sejumlah negara.

"Tadi pagi WHO meningkatkan kewaspadaan menjadi fase lima, artinya sudah terjadi penularan dari manusia ke manusia secara luas. Karena itu pemerintah menerapkan travel warning kepada warga yang akan ke Meksiko, tapi tidak dilarang," kata Ketua Pelaksana Harian Komite Nasional Pengendalian Flu Burung dan Kesiapsiagaan menghadapi Pandemi Influenza (Komnas FBPI) Bayu Krisnamurthi di Jakarta, siang tadi.

Menurut Bayu, Komnas FBPI sudah berkoordinasi dengan Departemen Luar Negeri yang menurut rencana mengumumkan pemberlakuan peringatan perjalanan tersebut hari ini juga.

Bayu menambahkan, dalam hal ini pemerintah tidak menerapkan larangan perjalanan karena berbagai pertimbangan termasuk karena belum ada rekomendasi spesifik dari WHO untuk menerapkan kebijakan tersebut.

"Hingga sekarang baru Peru, Kuba, Equador, dan Argentina yang sudah menerapkan travel ban. Negara yang lain belum. Tapi bukan berarti kita tidak akan menerapkan, kita akan lihat perkembangan dulu, kalau memang diperlukan akan diterapkan," jelasnya.

Selain menyampaikan peringatan perjalanan ke Meksiko, Bayu menjelaskan, pemerintah juga akan memberikan saran perjalanan (travel advisory) bagi warga yang hendak ke delapan negara yang dikonfirmasi memiliki kasus flu babi yakni Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Selandia Baru, Inggris, Israel, Spanyol, Austria dan Jerman.

"Warga yang akan ke sana diberi penjelasan mengenai daerah-daerah yang sudah dikonfirmasi terdapat kasus flu babi, bagaimana risikonya serta apa yang bisa dilakukan untuk mencegah dan menghindarinya," jelas Bayu.

Pemerintah, kata dia, juga melakukan komunikasi intensif dengan WHO dan 16 negara yang masih diduga menjadi daerah penyebaran influenza babi supaya bisa mengambil langkah yang diperlukan jika ada perkembangan baru.

Ia menjelaskan pula bahwa pemerintah memperketat pengawasan lalu lintas orang dan barang di kawasan perbatasan serta pelabuhan darat maupun laut untuk mengantisipasi kemungkinan penyebaran penyakit tersebut.

"Pelacakan kasus dan deteksi dini di kawasan perbatasan serta pelabuhan darat dan laut diintensifkan. Ini dilakukan untuk mencegah masuknya virus," katanya.

Pemerintah juga sudah memiliki rencana aksi untuk mengantisipasi kemungkinan terjadinya pandemi influensa serta menyiapkan infrastruktur yang diperlukan untuk mendukung kegiatan tersebut.

"Kami juga menyiapkan brosur berisi informasi tentang virus flu babi H1N1 baru ini dan langkah tepat yang bisa dilakukan," katanya.

Pemerintah juga menyediakan layanan informasi dan penerimaan laporan kasus dugaan infeksi virus influenza tipe A subtipe H1N1 baru melalui pusat layanan pesan pendek di nomor 0812-80 000 358/0819-790 4919 dan layanan telepon ke posko KLB Departemen Kesehatan di nomor 021-425 7125.

(sit/ann)

Sumber : http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=84262&Itemid=30

The current WHO phase of pandemic alert is 5.

Current phase of alert in the WHO global influenza preparedness plan

Pandemic preparedness

In the 2009 revision of the phase descriptions, WHO has retained the use of a six-phased approach for easy incorporation of new recommendations and approaches into existing national preparedness and response plans. The grouping and description of pandemic phases have been revised to make them easier to understand, more precise, and based upon observable phenomena. Phases 1–3 correlate with preparedness, including capacity development and response planning activities, while Phases 4–6 clearly signal the need for response and mitigation efforts. Furthermore, periods after the first pandemic wave are elaborated to facilitate post pandemic recovery activities.

The current WHO phase of pandemic alert is 5.

In nature, influenza viruses circulate continuously among animals, especially birds. Even though such viruses might theoretically develop into pandemic viruses, in Phase 1 no viruses circulating among animals have been reported to cause infections in humans.

In Phase 2 an animal influenza virus circulating among domesticated or wild animals is known to have caused infection in humans, and is therefore considered a potential pandemic threat.

In Phase 3, an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus has caused sporadic cases or small clusters of disease in people, but has not resulted in human-to-human transmission sufficient to sustain community-level outbreaks. Limited human-to-human transmission may occur under some circumstances, for example, when there is close contact between an infected person and an unprotected caregiver. However, limited transmission under such restricted circumstances does not indicate that the virus has gained the level of transmissibility among humans necessary to cause a pandemic.

Phase 4 is characterized by verified human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus able to cause “community-level outbreaks.” The ability to cause sustained disease outbreaks in a community marks a significant upwards shift in the risk for a pandemic. Any country that suspects or has verified such an event should urgently consult with WHO so that the situation can be jointly assessed and a decision made by the affected country if implementation of a rapid pandemic containment operation is warranted. Phase 4 indicates a significant increase in risk of a pandemic but does not necessarily mean that a pandemic is a forgone conclusion.

Phase 5 is characterized by human-to-human spread of the virus into at least two countries in one WHO region. While most countries will not be affected at this stage, the declaration of Phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalize the organization, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short.

Phase 6, the pandemic phase, is characterized by community level outbreaks in at least one other country in a different WHO region in addition to the criteria defined in Phase 5. Designation of this phase will indicate that a global pandemic is under way.

During the post-peak period, pandemic disease levels in most countries with adequate surveillance will have dropped below peak observed levels. The post-peak period signifies that pandemic activity appears to be decreasing; however, it is uncertain if additional waves will occur and countries will need to be prepared for a second wave.

Previous pandemics have been characterized by waves of activity spread over months. Once the level of disease activity drops, a critical communications task will be to balance this information with the possibility of another wave. Pandemic waves can be separated by months and an immediate “at-ease” signal may be premature.

In the post-pandemic period, influenza disease activity will have returned to levels normally seen for seasonal influenza. It is expected that the pandemic virus will behave as a seasonal influenza A virus. At this stage, it is important to maintain surveillance and update pandemic preparedness and response plans accordingly. An intensive phase of recovery and evaluation may be required.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/phase/en/index.html

Related Link : Case by Country


Swine influenza - update 5

29 April 2009 -- The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 18:00 GMT, 29 April 2009, nine countries have officially reported 148 cases of swine influenza A/H1N1 infection. The United States Government has reported 91 laboratory confirmed human cases, with one death. Mexico has reported 26 confirmed human cases of infection including seven deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Austria (1), Canada (13), Germany (3), Israel (2), New Zealand (3), Spain (4) and the United Kingdom (5).

Further information on the situation will be available on the WHO website on a regular basis.

WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders. It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities.

There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_29/en/index.html

Wednesday, April 29, 2009

Swine influenza - update 4

28 April 2009--The situation continues to evolve rapidly. As of 19:15 GMT, 28 April 2009, seven countries have officially reported cases of swine influenza A/H1N1 infection. The United States Government has reported 64 laboratory confirmed human cases, with no deaths. Mexico has reported 26 confirmed human cases of infection including seven deaths.

The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths - Canada (6), New Zealand (3), the United Kingdom (2), Israel (2) and Spain (2).

Further information on the situation will be available on the WHO website on a regular basis.

WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders. It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities.

There is also no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.

Source : http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_28/en/index.html

Swine Flu telah menyebar ke Berbagai Negara ?

Setelah lama kita tidak mendengar kasus flu burung, kita dikejutkan dengan munculnya flu babi di Meksiko. Sejak Maret lalu dilaporkan sudah 103 orang meninggal dunia.

Direktur Jenderal Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) Margaret Chan telah memperingatkan potensi pandemi itu. Mobilitas orang dan produk pertanian secara internasional sangat mungkin menyebabkan perpindahan virus yang menjadi penyebab flu itu.

Para peneliti berjuang keras untuk mengetahui karakter virus yang menyerang itu. Secara umum, babi merupakan tempat bertemunya berbagai jenis virus, baik yang menyerang babi itu sendiri, unggas, maupun manusia.

”Meminjam istilah politik, di dalam tubuh babi memungkinkan terjadinya koalisi sempurna di antara virus flu. Di dalam tubuh babi, koalisi di antara berbagai jenis virus terjadi. Hasilnya akan memunculkan virus baru yang mengandung material para pendukungnya dengan sifat yang baru pula,” kata peneliti dari Pusat Penyakit Tropis dan juga dosen Universitas Airlangga, CA Nidom.

Tubuh babi merupakan wahana pencampur (mixing vessel) alias tempat koalisi berbagai jenis virus itu. Di dalam tubuh babi virus flu dengan berbagai tipe dan subtipe itu bisa bercampur dan menghasilkan ”anak” virus dengan karakter yang baru.

Nidom menjelaskan, hingga saat ini memang hanya di tubuh babi proses pencampuran material genetik virus flu burung mudah terjadi. Hewan ini memiliki perangkat biologis yang memungkinkan pencampuran material genetik virus itu. Ia sendiri meneliti kemungkinan proses itu terjadi pada hewan mamalia lain, seperti kucing dan anjing. Namun, sampai sekarang ia belum menemukan proses itu terjadi di kedua hewan itu.

Berdasarkan informasi yang diposting di website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_flu_2009, Swine Influenza sudah menyebar ke beberapa negara ( lihat gambar ).

Travel Notices - CDC Travelers' Health

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