SELAMAT DATANG Dr. JEFRI SITORUS, M.Kes semoga sukses memimpin KKP Kelas I Medan------------------------ Kami Mengabdikan diri Bagi Nusa dan Bangsa untuk memutus mata rantai penularan penyakit Antar Negara di Pintu Masuk Negara (Pelabuhan Laut, Bandar Udara dan Pos Lintas Batas Darat=PLBD) ------

Disease Outbreak News

Saturday, May 24, 2008

HIV/AIDS : 15 Perempuan Hamil Terdeteksi Positif

Sabtu, 24 Mei 2008 | 00:36 WIB

Surabaya, Kompas - Kasus HIV/AIDS pada bayi dan anak diperkirakan akan terus meningkat. Tidak adanya sistem deteksi dini menyebabkan pencegahan kerap terlambat.


Saat ini Rumah Sakit Umum dr Soetomo merawat 15 perempuan hamil yang dideteksi positif HIV/AIDS.

Mereka adalah pasien rujukan dari sejumlah puskesmas dan klinik yang dikelola lembaga swadaya masyarakat. ”Tak satu pun dari mereka sengaja ikut tes HIV/AIDS,” kata Siti Fatimah, Kepala Seksi Keperawatan Unit Perawatan Intermediet Penyakit Infeksi (UPIPI) RSU dr Soetomo di Surabaya, Jumat (23/5).

Potensi penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke anak dapat ditekan hingga 25 persen jika pengobatan pencegahan dengan obat antiretroviral (ARV) diberikan sejak masa kehamilan. Tanpa itu, potensi penularan mencapai 70 persen.


Menurut data Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya tahun 2007, kasus HIV/AIDS pada bayi usia 0-4 tahun ada 11 orang. Pada 2006 belum ada kasus tercatat.

RSU dr Soetomo Surabaya dalam tiga bulan terakhir menerima 40 kasus baru HIV/AIDS pada bayi dan anak—total sejak Januari 2008 ada 64 jiwa—hampir tiga kali lipat dari tahun 2007 (26).

Sekitar 30 anak berobat jalan secara rutin, sedangkan seorang anak berusia satu tahun terpaksa ”menetap” di rumah sakit karena ditinggalkan orangtuanya.


Menurut Esthi Susanti, Direktur Eksekutif Hotline, LSM bidang kesehatan perempuan, saat ini penularan HIV/AIDS, 25 tahun sejak kasus pertama, telah merambah ke populasi umum, yaitu anggota masyarakat yang semula dinilai tak berisiko tertular. Sekitar 25 persen orang dengan HIV/AIDS di Indonesia adalah ibu rumah tangga dan anak. (A10)

Sumber : Kompas-Humaniora

Friday, May 23, 2008

Enterovirus 71, Benarkah Mematikan Manusia?

Jumat, 23 Mei 2008 | 01:16 WIB

Amin SOEBANDRIO

Dunia kesehatan kembali gempar ketika beberapa minggu lalu China melaporkan 28 anak meninggal karena terserang penyakit tangan, kaki, dan mulut. Sementara sebanyak 15.799 orang dilaporkan terserang penyakit tersebut.

Penyakit ini, sesuai dengan namanya, penyakit tangan, kaki, dan mulut (hand, foot, mouth disease/HFMD) adalah penyakit yang memiliki tanda utama adanya bercak kemerahan dan lepuh pada lidah, gusi, dan bagian dalam pipi, serta telapak tangan dan kaki, kadang-kadang di daerah bokong dan lipat paha.

Dengan gejala yang mirip penyakit ”flu”, yaitu demam, nyeri tenggorok, sakit kepala, lesu, dan hilangnya nafsu makan, penyakit ini lebih banyak menyerang anak-anak, terutama usia di bawah sepuluh tahun.

Munculnya HFMD disebabkan beberapa jenis virus. Virus yang paling sering adalah coxsackievirus A16; tetapi juga dapat disebabkan oleh enterovirus 71 (EV71), atau coxsackieviruses A5, A9, A10, B2, dan B5.

Penyakit ini berbeda dengan penyakit mulut dan kuku yang menyerang beberapa jenis ternak, virus penyebabnya berbeda. Virus jenis EV71 pertama kali diisolasi di California tahun 1969 dan tahun 1974 dipastikan merupakan suatu serotype baru dari genus Enterovirus, anggota dari keluarga Picornaviridae.

Setahun setelah pertama kali diisolasi, EV71 menyebabkan wabah di Amerika Serikat, Australia, Swedia, dan Jepang. Tahun 1975 EV71 menarik perhatian dunia setelah menyebabkan wabah di Bulgaria, terjadi kelumpuhan pada 705 orang—93 persen adalah anak-anak balita—dan kematian pada 44 orang.

Wabah serupa juga terjadi di Hongaria pada tahun 1978. Sejak itu wabah EV71 terus terjadi di seluruh belahan dunia. Wabah yang terjadi di Taiwan tahun 1998 merupakan yang terbesar, tercatat 100.000 orang terinfeksi, 400 anak dirawat inap karena gangguan saraf pusat, dan 78 anak meninggal karena infeksi jaringan otak. Kejadian luar biasa HFMD di China saat ini diduga kuat disebabkan EV71.

Bisa sembuh sendiri

Serangan HFMD yang disebabkan Coxsackievirus A16 biasanya tidak serius dan sembuh sendiri dalam 7-10 hari. Sementara HFMD yang disebabkan EV71 dapat mengakibatkan meningitis (radang selaput otak), dan pada beberapa kasus berat dapat menjadi ensefalitis (radang otak), atau menyebabkan kelumpuhan mirip poliomyelitis. Ensefalitis karena EV71 dapat berakibat fatal.

Perbedaan mencolok pada gejala awal antara HFMD oleh Coxsackievirus A16 dan EV71 adalah pada infeksi EV71 suhu dapat mencapai 39 derajat Celsius selama tiga hari berturut-turut.

Sampai saat ini tidak ada obat yang secara spesifik digunakan untuk membunuh virus penyebab HFMD. Upaya yang dilakukan adalah simtomatik, yaitu menghilangkan gejala demam dan sakit kepala, mencegah terjadinya kehilangan cairan (dehidrasi), terutama pada anak kecil, dan mencegah terjadinya infeksi sekunder oleh bakteri, jamur, ataupun virus lain. Pada kasus-kasus berat tentunya perlu dilakukan penanganan medis sesuai dengan gangguan yang dialami.

Virus penyebab HFMD dapat ditularkan dari satu orang ke orang lain melalui kontak langsung dengan cairan hidung, air liur, cairan lepuh, cairan dari ruam, atau tinja dari orang yang terinfeksi. Potensi penularan terbesar adalah pada minggu pertama sakit. Semua orang dapat tertular, tetapi anak-anak di bawah lima tahun biasanya lebih rentan. Virus penyebab HFMD tidak ditularkan melalui serangga atau hewan lain.

Vaksin belum ada

Sampai saat ini tidak ada vaksin yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kekebalan terhadap virus EV71 ataupun Coxsackievirus A16. Tindakan utama untuk mencegah penularan adalah higiene dan sanitasi perorangan.

Hindari kontak dengan cairan tubuh penderita, segera cuci tangan dengan sabun jika diduga terjadi kontak. Hindari penggunaan bersama peralatan makan, minum, dan pakaian dengan penderita.

Peralatan yang tercemar dapat direndam selama 15 menit dalam cairan hipoklorit 0,5 persen yang dapat disiapkan dengan mencampur cairan pemutih pakaian dengan air bersih dengan perbandingan 1 : 9, sebelum dicuci seperti biasa.

Anak-anak yang terinfeksi tidak dibenarkan mengunjungi tempat umum yang ramai, seperti sekolah, taman bermain, pusat belanja, dan angkutan umum, untuk mencegah penularan kepada orang yang lain, selain berguna untuk mencegah timbulnya komplikasi pada dirinya.

Pada pertengahan tahun 2006 Departemen Kesehatan RI telah meminta kewaspadaan masyarakat umum dan petugas kesehatan akan kemungkinan munculnya kasus HFMD di Indonesia, setelah merebaknya penyakit tersebut di Serawak dan Kuching, Malaysia.

Pada periode yang sama juga dilaporkan ditemukan kasus serupa di Singapura. Di beberapa rumah sakit secara sporadis juga dilaporkan adanya beberapa anak yang dirawat karena menunjukkan gejala dan tanda yang serupa dengan HFMD.

Walaupun konfirmasi melalui pemeriksaan laboratorium tidak dilakukan, dari gejala dan tanda klinisnya dapat diduga kuat bahwa HFMD sudah terdapat di Indonesia. Satu hal yang perlu disyukuri adalah sampai saat ini belum pernah dilaporkan adanya kejadian luar biasa HFMD.

Jumlah kasus terduga HFMD di Indonesia memang masih relatif sangat kecil dan tidak ada laporan kematian akibat penyakit ini, tetapi hal ini tidak boleh menyebabkan kita lengah.

Tindakan pencegahan harus dilakukan secara proaktif oleh segenap lapisan masyarakat dengan senantiasa menjaga kesehatan dan kebersihan perorangan dan lingkungan. Jika terdapat anggota keluarga yang menunjukkan tanda dan gejala yang mencurigakan (mirip gejala di atas), hendaknya ia segera dijauhkan dari aktivitas di luar rumah serta dibawa ke fasilitas kesehatan terdekat untuk mendapat kepastian diagnosis dan penanganan segera.

AMIN SOEBANDRIO Kementerian Negara Riset dan Teknologi

Sumber : Kompas

Thursday, May 22, 2008

Menkes Tagih Janji WHO Berbagi Virus Flu Burung

22/05/2008 09:52 WIB


Jakarta - Menkes Siti Fadilah Supari kembali menagih janji WHO untuk menciptakan sistem pembagian virus flu burung yang adil (virus sharing). Dia mengingatkan sistem yang ada sekarang perlu disempurnakan.

Hal ini dikatakan Menkes ketika berpidato pada Sidang ke-61 World Health Assembly (WHA) di Jenewa, Swiss, 20 Mei 2008. Pada pertemuan tahun lalu, Menkes membuat gebrakan dengan menentang sistem pembagian virus yang tidak adil.

"Negara-negara anggota telah menyetujui usul Indonesia agar mekanisme virus sharing konsisten dengan hukum dan peraturan nasional masing-masing negara," kata Menkes dalam rilis Perutusan Tetap Republik Indonesia di Jenewa kepada detikcom, Kamis (22/5/2008).

Menurut Menkes, sistem Global Initiative Surveillance Network (GISN) yang berlangsung selama 60 tahun tidak akan pernah adil dan transparan kecuali mempertimbangkan kedaulatan negara pengirim virus. Oleh karena itu, GISN harus diganti dengan mekanisme baru.

"WHO diminta tidak mengesampingkan kepentingan negara berkembang, tetapi harus memberikan pelayanan kepada seluruh negara anggota," jelas Menkes.

Menkes tidak setuju pendapat salah satu negara yang mengatakan GISN selama 60 tahun berhasil mewujudkan kesehatan global. "Mereka tidak melihat banyak fakta yang justru merugikan negara-negara berkembang," tegasnya.

Menkes menjelaskan, kemampuan produksi vaksin yang kurang dari 5 persen jumlah penduduk dunia saat ini adalah suatu kegagalan besar. Akses dan transfer teknologi belum diperoleh negara-negara berkembang.

"Program penyediaan stok obat gagal memenuhi tantangan kesiapsiagaan dunia menghadapi pandemi influenza," kata dia.

Menkes lebih lanjut mengatakan Indonesia tidak takut mengemban tanggung jawab dalam virus sharing asalkan sistem itu adil dan menguntungkan negara berkembang.

"Indonesia berkomitmen untuk terus berkontribusi dalam kesehatan masyarakat dunia," pungkasnya. ( fay / nrl )

Fitraya Ramadhanny - detikcom

Wednesday, May 21, 2008

Indonesia Tuan Rumah Konferensi Dunia Limbah Berbahaya

21/05/2008 15:52 WIB


Jakarta - Indonesia akan menjadi tuan rumah konferensi internasional masalah limbah B3 (bahan beracun dan berbahaya). Konferensi ini penting diselenggarakan mengingat limbah B3 dari negara-negara asing masih masuk ke Indonesia.

"Indonesia masih rentan terhadap masuknya limbah B3 dari negara lain. Karena negara kita negara kepulauan. Oleh karena itu konferensi ini sangat penting bagai negara kita," ujar Menneg LH Rahmat Witoelar di Kantor Kementerian LH di Jl DI Panjaitan, Jakarta, Rabu (21/5/2008).

Rahmat mengatakan, biasanya limbah-limbah tersebut masuk ke Indonesia dengan menggunakan dokumen palsu. Karena itulah, diperlukan kerjasama dengan negara-negara lain untuk mengatasinya.

"Kita pernah beberapa kali mendapatkan bantuan informasi bahwa ada kapal yang mengangkut limbah berbahaya yang akan masuk ke Indonesia. Bantuan informasi seperti inilah yang kita butuhkan. Karena itu kita menjalin kerjasama dengan negara-negara lain," kata Rahmat.

Rahmat mengingatkan, Indonesia pernah mendapatkan limbah B3 yang didatangkan dari Singapura. Masalah ini menimbulkan perbedaan pendapat antarkedua negara tersebut.

Permasalahan inilah, menurut Rahmat yang akhirnya bisa diselesaikan melalui konvensi yang akan belangsung pada 23-27 Juni di Bali ini.

Lebih dari 1000 peserta dari 170 negara akan hadir dalam konvensi ini. 170 Negara tersebut telah meratifikasi Konvensi Basel. Indonesia telah meratifikasi konvensi tersebut sejak 1993.

Dua masalah besar yang akan dibahas yakni pelintasan bahan beracun berbahaya lintas negara, serta penanganan limbah B3 di negara masing-masing. ( anw / mar )

Nala Edwin - detikcom

Dua ABK Indonesia Dibunuh di Taiwan


Rabu, 21 Mei 2008 | 01:24 WIB

Jakarta, Kompas - Dua warga Indonesia, yakni Rusdin (27) dan Driyanto (40), yang bekerja sebagai anak buah kapal atau ABK di Taiwan, dilaporkan dibunuh kaptennya, Cai Zhi Zang. Dua ABK lainnya, yakni Jaenal Abidin (28) dan Roid (30), masing-masing menderita luka tusuk di paha kanan dan Roid dibuang ke tengah laut dan hingga kini belum diketahui nasibnya.

”Pembunuhan sebenarnya sudah terjadi pada 27 April 2008, tetapi kami baru menerima informasi itu pada 13 Mei lalu. Saat ini kami sedang menyelidikinya,” kata Kepala Kantor Imigrasi (Kanim) Kelas I Tanjung Priok Teddy Soediro, Selasa (20/5).

Kasus itu terungkap setelah Lin, petugas Coast Guard Police (CGP) Kao Hsiung, Taiwan, melapor ke Kantor Dagang dan Ekonomi Indonesia (KDEI) Taipei pada 28 April. Isi laporannya adalah dua dari tujuh ABK Indonesia yang bekerja di kapal ikan CT 41885 Hao Wan Yi Chuen dibunuh Cai Zhi Zang.

KDEI menugaskan dua stafnya, Pangkuh Rubiyono dan Ervan Rianto, untuk menemui petugas CGP, Xiao, pada 29 April sekitar pukul 08.45 waktu setempat. Xiao kemudian mempertemukan mereka dengan empat ABK yang selamat, yakni Muhtadi, Sayori Sem, Kamarudin, dan Jaenal Abidin.

Menurut cerita Jaenal kepada Pangkuh Rubiyono dan Ervan Rianto, dirinya ditusuk Cai Zhi Zang dan mengenai paha bagian kanan. Saat Cai Zhi Zang akan menikamkan pisau tersebut ke dada Jaenal, Jaenal berhasil menepisnya sehingga tangannya terluka. Pisau itu pula yang akhirnya menewaskan Rusdin dan Driyanto.

Menurut Jaenal, peristiwa pembunuhan itu terjadi pada 27 April 2008. Saat itu, Rusdin, Driyanto, dan Jaenal menanyakan nasib Roib yang dibuang ke laut oleh Cai Zhi Zang. ”Mereka menanyakan mengapa Roib dibuang ke laut,” kata Teddy mengutip laporan itu. Cai Zhi Zang diduga kesal karena ditanyai soal keberadaan Roib.

Kasus Roib, menurut keterangan Jaenal, Muhtadi, Sayori Sem, dan Kamarudin kepada Pangkuh dan Ervan terjadi pada 20 April. Tidak jelas apa yang menjadi penyebab kekesalan Cai Zhi Zang kepada Roib. Perilaku itulah yang membuat kapten kapal marah dan menyuruh Roib turun di tengah laut, setelah dilengkapi dengan pelampung dan makanan.

Berlebihan

Namun, kata Teddy, tindakan yang dilakukan Cai Zhi Zang itu sudah berlebihan. Tujuh ABK kapal ikan itu berangkat ke Taiwan dikirim oleh PT Genta Ardia, Jakarta Barat. Sampai kini petugas masih melacak alamat lengkap perusahaan tersebut.

Dari hasil penelusuran sementara diketahui bahwa Rusdin adalah pemilik paspor nomor P 519635 terbitan Kanim Kelas I Tanjung Priok, dan Driyanto pemilik paspor nomor A 123368 yang diterbitkan oleh Kanim Pemalang, Jawa Tengah.

”Kami berharap agar semua TKI, termasuk ABK yang hendak bekerja di luar negeri, harus memberikan identitas dan alamatnya di Indonesia sejelas-jelasnya. Kelengkapan data itu diperlukan untuk memudahkan pengecekan,” kata Teddy.

Menurut Teddy, laporan atas pembunuhan terhadap dua anak buah kapal itu disampaikan KDEI Taipei kepada Direktur Perlindungan dan Advokasi Kawasan Asia Pasifik dan Amerika, Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan TKI di Jakarta pada 13 Mei lalu. (CAL)

Sumber : Kompas.com

Tuesday, May 20, 2008

Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1) Reported to WHO 30 April 2008

Total number of cases includes number of deaths.
WHO reports only laboratory-confirmed cases.
All dates refer to onset of illness.
Source : http://www.who.int

Monday, May 19, 2008

Timeline of major events H5N1 avian influenza (Part 5)


316. 3 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Israel reports H5N1 in birds in a petting zoo in Haifa (first outbreak since March 2006)

317. 2 Jan 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 42nd human case in a 25-year-old woman from Dakahlia (onset date 26 December) and its 43rd human case in a 36-year-old woman from Menofia (onset date 26 December 2007).

318. 4 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in poultry in Xinjiang (first outbreak reported in this province since September 2006)

319. 7 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports H5N1 in poultry in 4 provinces (Tra Vinh, Cao Bang, Thai Nguyen, and Quang Tri).

320. 11 Jan 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 117th human case, in a 16-year-old girl from West Java (onset date 30 December 2008)

321. 15 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : India reports H5N1 in backyard and commercial poultry in West Bengal State (first since July 2007).

322. 15 Jan 2008: Events in Animals : Egypt reports widespread H5N1 outbreaks in backyard and commercial poultry (including in vaccinated poultry) in 17 governorates during December and early January.

323. 15 Jan 2008: Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 118th human case, in a 32-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 3 January 2008)

324. 16 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Iran reports H5N1 in backyard poultry in Mazandaran (first since February 2006).

325. 21 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Ukraine reports H5N1 in poultry in Crimea (first since June 06).

326. 21 Jan 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 119th human case, in an 8-year-old boy from Banten (onset date 7 January 2008).

327. 22 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Germany reports ongoing outbreaks of H5N1 in backyard birds in Brandenburg.

328. 22 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Turkey reports H5N1 in backyard poultry in Zonguldak (first report since February 2007).

329. 23 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : Thailand reports H5 in poultry in Nakhon Sawan and Phichit (first reports since March 2007).

330. 23 Jan 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 120th human case, in a 30-year-old man from Banten (onset date 13 January 2008).

331. 24 Jan 2008 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 102nd human case in a 34-year-old man from Tuyen Quang (onset date 10 January 2008).

332. 29 Jan 2008 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in poultry in the Tibet Autonomous Region (first report in this province since March 2007).

333. 29 Jan 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 12 1st human case in a 31-year-old woman from Jakarta (onset date 18 January 2008), its 122nd human case in a 9-year-old boy from West Java (onset date 16 January 2008), 123rd human case in a 32-year-old man from Banten (onset date 17 January 2008), and its 124th human case in a 23- year-old woman from Jakarta (onset date 19 January 2008).

334. 2 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Pakistan reports outbreaks of H5N1 oncommercial farms in Sindh (Karachi)(first reports since November 2007).

335. 5 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : China retrospectively reports H5N1 in two wild birds in Tuen Mun Park, Hong Kong SAR (detected in November and December 2007).

336. 5 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 125th human case in a 29-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 22 January 2008), and its 126th human case in a 38-year-old woman from Jakarta (onset date 24 January 2008)

337. 6 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : United Kingdom continues to report sporadic deaths due to H5N1 in mute swans in southern England (detected in November and December 2007).

338. 11 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : According to FAO28, Indonesia continues to experience outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry.

339. 12 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 127th human case in a 15-year-old girl from Jakarta (onset date 2 February 2008)

340. 13 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Laos reports H5N1 in poultry in Luang Namtha (first report since February, 2007)

341. 15 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 103rd human case, in a 40-year-old man from Hai Duong (onset date 2 February 2008).

342. 17 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Saudi Arabia reports H5N1 in poultry in Ar Riyad, outbreaks dated from Oct 07 through Jan 08.

343. 18 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Nigeria reports H5N1 in poultry in Anambra (first report since March 2006).

344. 20 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Pakistan reports new H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in North West Frontier province.

345. 20 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 28th human case, in a 22-year-old man from Hunan (onset date 16 January 2008).

346. 21 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 128th human case in a 16-year-old man from Central Java (onset date 3 February 2008), and its 129th human case in a 3-year-old boy from Jakarta (onset date 3 February 2008).

347. 21 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 104th human case in a 27-year-old man from Ninh Binh (onset date 3 February 2008)

348. 22 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 29th human case, in a 41-year-old man from Guanxi Autonomous Region (onset date 12 February 2008).

349. 25 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam continues to report outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry from several provinces.

350. 25 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in poultry in a new province, Guizhou (first report from this province since January 2006).

351. 26 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Turkey reports H5N1 in poultry in a new province, Sinop.

352. 26 Feb 2008 : Events in Animals : Pakistan reports new H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in Sindh province.

353. 26 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 30th human case, in a 44-year-old woman from Guangdong (onset date 16 February).

354. 26 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 105th human case, in a 23-year-old-woman from Phu Tho (onset date 14 February).

355. 28 Feb 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 44th human case in a 4-year-old girl from Minea (onset date 21 February).

356. 1 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : Myanmar reports AI-seropositive ducks detected during surveillance in Shan State (serotype not reported).

357. 4 Mar 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 45th human case in a 26-year-old woman from Fayoum (onset date 24 February).

358. 5 Mar 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 46th human case in a 11-year-old boy from Minea (hospitalisation date 26 February).

359. 9 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : According to the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock in Bangladesh, 47 districts have now had confirmed outbreaks of H5 infection in birds. According to the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries in India, additional H5 infection in birds has been confirmed in West Bengal.

360. 10 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : Pakistan reports new H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in North West Frontier Province.

361. 11 Mar 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 47th human case in a 8-year-old boy from Fayoum (hospitalisation date 3 March 2008).

362. 16 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in poultry at a live animal market in Guangdong According to FAO, HPAI is still being detected in poultry on three islands of Indonesia, Bali, Java, and Sumatra. 29

363. 16 Mar 2008 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 106th human case, in an 11-year-old boy from Ha Nam (onset date 4 March).
364. 18 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : Turkey reports H5N1 in backyard poultry in Edirne

365. 25 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : Research30 A study is published describing the epidemiological association between the presence of H5N1 virus and duck populations, human populations, and rice production in Viet Nam and Thailand.

366. 28 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : India reports additional outbreaks in backyard poultry in West Bengal

367. 31 Mar 2008 : Events in Animals : Switzerland reports H5N1 in a healthy wild bird in Luzern Canton (first report in country since June 2006).

368. 1 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam continues to report outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry from several provinces.

369. 2 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Republic of Korea reports H5N1 in poultry in Cholla-Bukdo (first report in country since June 2007)

370. 2 Apr 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 130th human case, in a 15-year-old boy from West Java (onset date 19 March 2008), its 131st human case in a 11-year-old girl from West Java (onset date 19 March 2008) and its 132nd human case in a 21-month old girl from West Sumatra (onset date 17 March 2008). There has been no epidemiological link identified among the cases.

371. 3 Apr 2008 : Events in Humans : Pakistan confirms two additional cases in a family cluster in North West Frontier Province in Oct-Nov 2007, suggesting limited human to human transmission likely occurred. These additional cases were confirmed serologically according to WHO criteria, and brings the cumulative number of human cases in Pakistan to 3.

372. 8 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : India reports H5N1 in backyard poultry in a new province, Tripura.

373. 8 Apr 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 48th human case in a 19-year-old man from Behera (onset date 30 March 2008).

374. 11 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Russian Federation reports H5N1 in village poultry in Primorskiy Kray (first report since December, 2007).

375. 15 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Republic of Korea reports H5N1 in poultry in two new provinces (Cholla- Namdo and Ch'ungch'ong-Bukdo)

376. 15 Apr 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 49th human case in a 30-year-old woman from Cairo (onset date 2 April 2008).

377. 17 Apr 2008 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 50th human case in a 2-year-old boy from Sharkia (onset date 13 April 2008).

378. 23 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam continues to report outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry from several provinces.

379. 24 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Bangladesh reports 156 outbreaks in commercial or backyard poultry in 6 provinces from 28 Dec 2007 through 14 Apr 2008 (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshashi, Barasil, Sylhet)

380. 29 Apr 2008 : Events in Animals : Japan reports H5N1 in 4 dead/ill wild swans in Akita prefecture (first report of H5N1 in birds in Japan since January 2007).

381. 30 April 2008 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 133rd human case in a 3-year-old boy from Central Java (onset date 14 April).


Note: As of 1 April 2006, reports of influenza infection in animals refer to official OIE reports, as available on http://www.oie.int/wahid-prod/public.php?page=weekly _report _index&admin=0, unless otherwise noted.

References
1. Songserm, T et al. Avian Influenza H5N 1 in Naturally Infected Domestic Cat. Emerging Infectious Diseases. www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 12, No. 4, Apr 2006.

2. Hien TT et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) in 10 patients in Vietnam. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1179–88.

3. Li KS et al. Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 2004; 430: 209–213.

4. Chen H et al. The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 10452–57.

5. Apisarnthanarak A et al. Atypical avian influenza (H5N1). Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1321–24.

6. Verbal report at WHO international consultation.

7. Kuiken T et al. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats. Published online by Science: www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1102287

8. Issued (prior to publication) on WHO website: Avian influenza – situation in Asia: altered role of domestic ducks, 29 October 2004; available online at: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_1 0_29/en/index.html

9. Ungchusak K et al. Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1). N Engl J Med 2005; 352:4 333–40.

10. De Jong M et al. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:7 686–91.

11. Liu J et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. ScienceExpress 2005. Published online at: www.sciencemag.org/cgi/contents/abstract/1115273

12. Chen H et al. H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature 2005; 436: 191–92.

13. Writing Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation on Human Influenza A/H5. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:13 54–65.

14. World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1515–21.

15. Taubenberger JK et al. Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes. Nature 2005; 437: 889–93.

16. Tumpey TM et al. Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science 2005; 310: 77–80.

17. Yingst S., et al., Qinghai-like H5N1 from Domestic Cats, Northern Iraq. Letter, Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006, 12(8):1295

18. Chen H et al. Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: implications for pandemic control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 2845–2850.

19. Shinya K et al. Influenza virus receptors in the human airway. Nature 2006; 440: 435–36.

20. van Riel D et al. H5N1 virus attachment to lower respiratory tract. ScienceExpress 23 Mar 2006. Published online at: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1125548

21. World Health Organization. Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection.Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2006, 81:249–260

22. Smith et al. Emergence and predominance of an H5N1 influenza variant in China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 7;103(45):16936-41. Epub 2006 Oct 30

23. World Health Organization. Update: WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection, 25 November 2003– 24 November 2006.Weekly Epidemiological Record, 2007, 82:41–48.

24. FAOAIDE News. Situation Update 45, 20 Feb 2007.
http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//224260/AIDENews_mar07_no45.pdf.

25. Sedyaningsih, E., Isfandari, S., Setiawaty, V., Rifati, L., Harun, S., Purba, W., Imari, S., Giriputra, S., Blair, P., Putnam, S., Uyeki, T., and Soendoro1, T. 2007. Epidemiology of Cases of H5N1 Virus Infection in Indonesia, July 2005–June 2006. Journal of Infectious Diseases 196:522 - 527.

26. FAO AIDE news. Situation Update 48, 15 October, 2007. Available at http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//234638/AIDEnews_oct07_no48_.pdf

27. FAO AIDE news. Situation Update 49, 17 December, 2007. Available at http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//237459/AIDEnews_dec07_no49.pdf

28. FAO AIDE news. Situation Update 50, 11 February, 2008. Available at http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//239862/AIDEnews_feb08_no50.pdf

29. FAO AIDE news. Situation Update 51, 16 March, 2008. Available at http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload//239862/AIDEnews_feb08_no50.pdf

30. Gilbert M, Xiao X, Pfeiffer DU, Epprecht M, Boles S, Czarnecki C, Chaitaweesub P, Kalpravidh W, Minh PQ, Otte MJ, Martin V, Slingenbergh J. 2008. Mapping H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza risk in Southeast Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105(12):4769-74. Epub 2008 Mar 24. Available online at: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/105/12/4769

Source : World Health Organization

Timeline of major events H5N1 avian influenza (Part 4)


266. 5 Jul 2007 : Events in Animals : France reports H5N1 in wild swans found dead (first report since detected in commercial turkeys in February 2006).

267. 6 Jul 2007 : Events in Animals : Germany reports H5N1 in a dead domestic goose

268. 11 Jul 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 102nd human case, in a 6-year-old girl from Banten (onset date 23 June 2007).

269. 15 Jul 2007 : Events in Animals : Bangladesh Ministry of Agriculture reports continued H5N1 outbreaks in commercial and backyard poultry.

270. 25 Jul 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 38th human case, in a 25-year-old woman from Damietta (onset date 20 July 2007).

271. 26 Jul 2007 : Events in Animals : India reports H5N1 in backyard poultry (first report since April 2006).

272. 14 Aug 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 103rd human case, in a 29-year-old woman from Bali (onset date 3 August 2007).

273. 15 Aug 2007 : Events in Humans : Research25 A study describing the epidemiology of 54 human cases of H5N1 infection in Indonesia is published. Conclusions included that 76% of cases were associated with poultry contact, and the source of infection was not identified in 24% of cases.

274. 16 Aug 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 104th human case, in a 17-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 9 August 2007).

275. 23 Aug 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 105th human case, in a 28-year-old woman from Bali (onset date 14 August 2007).

276. 30 Aug 2007 : Events in Humans : The WHO criteria for accepting confirmed cases of A(H5) infection are amended.

277. 31 Aug 2007 : Events in Humans : Based on amended acceptance criteria, Viet Nam retrospectively confirms its 96th through 100th cases, in a 28-year-old woman from Ha Nam (onset date 3 June 2007), a 29-year-old man (onset date 30 May 2007) and a 15-year-old boy (onset date 27 July 2007) from Thanh Hoa, and a 20-year-old man (onset date 2 June 2007) and a 22-year-old woman (onset date 20 July 2007) from Ha Tay.

278. 07 Sept 2007 : Events in Animals : Russia reports H5N1 in poultry (first report since January 2007).

279. 10 Sept 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 106th human case, in a 33-year-old man from Riau (onset date 25 August 2007).

280. 15 Sept 2007 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in commercial ducks in Guandong (first report since May 2007).

281. 2 Oct 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 107th human case, in a 21-year-old man from Jakarta (onset date 18 September 2007).

282. 8 Oct 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 108th human case, in a 44-year-old woman from Riau (onset date 1 October 2007).

283. 11 Oct 2007 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports H5N1 in unvaccinated ducks in Tra Vinh (first report since August 2007).

284. 12 Oct 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 109th human case, in a 12-year-old boy from Banten (onset date 30 September 2007).

285. 15 Oct 2007 : Events in Animals : According to FAO26, H5N1 has caused recent outbreaks in poultry in 19 districts in Bangladesh and 4 districts in Indonesia, and in commercial poultry in Ogun, Nigeria (in September).

286. 24 Oct 2007 : Events in Animals : Myanmar reports H5N1 in commercial poultry in Bago (first report since August 2007).

287. 25 Oct 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 110th human case, in a 5-year-old girl from Banten (onset date 14 October 2007).

288. 31 Oct 2007 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports H5N1 in unvaccinated poultry in 3 additional provinces.

289. 31 Oct 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 111th human case, in a 3-year-old boy from Banten. Both this case and the 110th case became ill on 14 October, but no epidemiological link between them has been identified.

290. 5 Nov 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 112th human case, in a 30-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 23 October 2007).

291. 12 Nov 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 113th human case, in a 31-year-old man from Riau (onset date 31 October 2007).

292. 13 Nov 2007 : Events in Animals : UK reports H5N1 in a flock of free-range turkeys in England (first since January 2007).

293. 19 Nov 2007 : Events in Animals : Saudi Arabia reports H5N1 in commercial chickens in four areas of Ar Riyad.

294. 22 Nov 2007 : Events in Animals : Pakistan reports H5N1 in commercial, poultry in the North West Frontier (first outbreak in poultry since July 2007).

295. 23 Nov 2007 : Events in Animals : Myanmar reports H5N1 in backyard poultry in a new province (Shan state)

296. 27 Nov 2007 : Events in Animals : Romania reports H5N1in backyard poultry in Tulcea (first outbreak in poultry since May 2006).

297. 3 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : Poland reports H5N1 in young turkeys in Mazowieckie (first outbreak ever in poultry, last H5N1 reported in a wild swan in May 2006).

298. 3 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : Egypt retrospectively reports 579 outbreaks of H5N1 in birds from 23 March 2006 through 24 November 2007

299. 4 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 26th human case, in a 24-year-old man from Jiangsu (onset date 24 November 2007).

300. 5 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : Benin reports highly pathogenic avian influenza (not confirmed as H5N1) in poultry in Cotonou and Adjara (first HPAI outbreak ever reported in Benin). Later reported as H5N1 by FAO.27

301. 9 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 27th human case, in a 52-year-old man from Jiangsu (onset date 3 December 2007), who is the father of the 26th case.

302. 12 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : Russia reports H5N1 in poultry in Rostovskaya (first outbreak in poultry since September 2007).

303. 12 Dec 2007: Events in Animals : Pakistan reports additional H5N1 outbreaks in commercial poultry in North West Frontier and Punjab provinces.

304. 12 Dec 2007: Events in Animals : Poland reports H5N1 in birds in a second province (Warminsko-Mazurskie).

305. 12 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 114th human case, in a 28-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 1 December 2007).

306. 13 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 115th human case, in a 47-year-old man from Banten (onset date 2 December 2007).

307. 14 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Myanmar confirms its first human case, in a 7-year-old girl from Shan State (onset date 21 November 2007).

308. 15 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Pakistan informs WHO of 8 people in the North West Frontier Province that have tested positive for H5N1 in the national reference laboratory. These are the first suspected human cases ever reported in Pakistan. The presence of virus was confirmed in samples from one of these patients, a 25-year-old man from Peshawar (onset date 21 November).

309. 17 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : According to FAO27, H5N1has continued to cause outbreaks in poultry in areas of Indonesia (Bali, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra) and Viet Nam (Tra Vinh, Cao Bang, Quang Tri) in November and December.

310. 26 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 116th human case, in a 24-year-old woman from Jakarta (onset date 14 December 2007).

311. 26 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 39th human case, in a 25-year-old woman from Beni Sweif (onset date 23 December 2007). This is the first case confirmed by Egypt since July 2007.

312. 28 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 101st human case in a 4-year-old boy from Son La (onset date 7 December 2007). The last case confirmed by Viet Nam had an onset of July 2007.

313. 28 Dec 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 40th human case in a 50-year-old woman from Domiatt (onset date 24 December 2007) and its 41st human case in a 22-year-old woman from Menofia (onset date 26 December 2007).

314. 29 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : Myanmar reports ongoing outbreaks of H5N1 in backyard poultry in Shan state.

315. 31 Dec 2007 : Events in Animals : Benin reports H5N1 in poultry in two new provinces (Dangbo and Porto Novo)

Timeline of major events H5N1 avian influenza (Part 3)


198. 8 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 75th human case, in a 14-year-old boy from West Jakarta (onset date 31 December 2006).

199. 9 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 76th human case, in a 37-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 1 January 2007).

200. 12 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 77th human case, in a 22-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 3 January 2007).

201. 13 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : Japan reports H5N1 in poultry (first since March 2004).

202. 15 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : Hong Kong reports H5N1 in dead wild birds (first since January 2006).

203. 15 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 78th human case, in a 27-year-old woman from South Jakarta (onset date 6 January 2007) and its 79th human case, in a 18-year-old boy from Banten (onset date 10 January 2007) (son of the 76th case).

204. 16 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : Thailand reports H5N1 in poultry during routine intensive surveillance (first since July 2006). Vaccination remains prohibited.

205. 17 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports continued H5N1infection in farmed and village poultry

206. 22 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 19th human case, in a 27-year-old woman from Beni Sweif (onset date 9 January 2007).

207. 22 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 80th human case, in a 32-year-old woman from West Java (onset date 8 January 2007).

208. 24 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : Hungary reports H5N1 in poultry (first since June 2006).

209. 25 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 81st human case, in a 6-year-old girl from Central Java (onset date 8 January 2007).

210. 26 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : Russia reports H5N1 in poultry (first report since July 2006).

211. 27 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : The United Kingdom reports H5N1 on a commercial turkey farm (first ever report in poultry, reported in wild birds in April 2006). Only a single outbreak occurs.

212. 28 Jan 2007 : Events in Animals : In an effort to curb virus spread, Indonesia institutes a poultry ban for the entire island of Java, and bans backyard poultry in 9 provinces.

213. 31 Jan 2007 : Events in Humans : Nigeria confirms its first human case, in a 22-year-old woman from Lagos (onset date 8 January 2007).

214. 1 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Pakistan reports H5N1 in poultry (first since July 2006).

215. 6 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 20th human case, in a 17-year-old girl from Fayoum (onset date 25 January 2007).

216. 9 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : Research23 The second WHO analysis of epidemiological data on WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection, 25 November 2003 – 24 November 2006 is published by WHO.

217. 9 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Turkey reports H5N1 in backyard poultry (first report since April 2006).

218. 15 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 21st human case, in a 37-year-old woman from Fayoum (onset date 10 February 2007).

219. 19 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 22nd human case, in a 5-year-old boy from Sharkia (onset date 14 February 2007).

220. 20 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Ongoing H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in several states of Nigeria are reported by FAO. 24

221. 19 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Lao PDR reports H5N1 in poultry (first reported since July 2006).

222. 22 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Afghanistan reports H5N1 in backyard poultry and farms (first report since March 2006).

223. 26 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Kuwait reports H5N1 in poultry in backyards, on farms, and in a zoo (first report in birds since November 2005. First ever report in poultry).

224. 26 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : Lao PDR confirms its first human case, in a 15-year-old girl from Vientiane (onset date 10 February 2007).

225. 28 Feb 2007 : Events in Animals : Myanmar reports H5N1 in poultry (first report since April 2006).

226. 28 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 23rd human case, in a 4-year-old girl from Dakahlea (onset date 25 February 2007)

227. 28 Feb 2007 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 23rd human case, in a 44-year-old woman from Fujian (onset date 18 February 2007).

228. 6 Mar 2007 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in poultry (first report since September 2006).

229. 12 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 24th human case, in a 4-year-old boy from Dakahlea (onset date 7 March 2007).

230. 16 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : Lao PDR confirms its second human case, in a 42-year-old woman from Vientiane Province (onset date 26 February 2007).

231. 19 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 25th human case, in a 10-year-old girl from Aswan (onset date 13 March 2007).

232. 20 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 26th human case, in a 2-year-old boy from Aswan (onset date 15 March 2007).

233. 20 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : China confirms avian influenza H9N2 infection in a 9-month-old girl with mild signs of disease.

234. 26 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 27th human case, in a 3-year-old girl from Aswan (onset date 22 March 2007). No epidemiological link is evident among the three recent cases from Aswan.

235. 27 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : During high level talks in Jakarta, Indonesia announces that it will resume sharing H5N1 AI virus with the international community.

236. 28 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 28th human case, in a 6-year-old girl from Qena, and its 29th human case, in a 5-year-old boy from Menia. (both had onset date 26 March 2007)

237. 29 Mar 2007 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 24th human case, in a 16-year-old boy from Anhui (onset date 17 March 2007).

238. 30 Mar 2007 : Events in Animals : Bangladesh reports H5N1 in poultry (first ever in Bangladesh).

239. 2 Apr 2007 : Events in Animals : Saudi Arabia reports H5N1 in poultry (first ever in Saudi Arabia)

240. 2 Apr 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 30th human case, in a 4-year-old boy from Qena (brother of the 28th case), its 31st human case, in a 7- year-old boy from Sohag (both with onset date 26 March 2007), and its 32nd human case, in a 4-year-old girl from Qalyoubia (onset date 29 March 2007).

241. 2 Apr 2007 : Events in Humans : According to the Ministry of Health in Indonesia, cases of H5N1 infection in humans continue to occur.

242. 10 Apr 2007 : Events in Humans : Cambodia confirms its 7th human case, in a 13-year-old girl from Kampong Cham (onset date 2 April 2007) (first human case since March 2006).

243. 10 Apr 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 33rd human case, in a 2-year-old girl from Menia (onset date 3 April 2007) and its 34th human case in a 15-year-old girl from Cairo (onset date 30 March 2007).

244. 12 Apr 2007 : Events in Animals : Cambodia reports H5N1 in village poultry (first report in poultry since August 2006).

245. 3 May 2007 : Events in Animals : Ghana reports H5N1 in poultry (first ever in Ghana).

246. 16 May 2007 : Events in Humans : WHO retrospectively confirms 15 human cases and 13 deaths in Indonesia, bringing the total confirmed human cases to 96, with 76 deaths. Cases had onset dates between 25 January and 3 May 2007, and had been initially confirmed by the Indonesian Ministry of Health.

247. 23 May 2007 : Events in Humans : A resolution on international sharing of influenza viruses is reached at the WHO World Health Assembly in Geneva.

248. 24 May 2007 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports multiple outbreaks in unvaccinated poultry (primarily ducks) from several provinces throughout the country.

249. 24 May 2007 : Events in Animals : Bangladesh reports multiple outbreaks in poultry from additional provinces throughout the country.

250. 24 May 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 97th human case, in a 5-year-old girl from Central Java (onset date 8 May 2007).

251. 25 May 2007 : Events in Humans : The United Kingdom Health Protection Agency reports at least 4 human infections with low pathogenic avian influenza H7N2. The cases are associated with reported H7N2 infections in poultry.

252. 30 May 2007 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 25th human case, in a 19-year-old soldier stationed in Fujian province (onset date 9 May 2007).

253. 31 May 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 98th human case, in a 45-year-old man from Central Java (onset date 17 May 2007).

254. 2 Jun 2007 : Events in Animals : Malaysia reports its first outbreak in poultry since March, 2006 (in village chickens).

255. 6 Jun 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 99th human case, in a 16- year-old girl from Central Java (onset date 21 May 2007).

256. 11 June 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 35th human case, in a 10-year-old girl from Qena (onset date 1 June 2007).

257. 12 Jun 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 36th human case, in a 4-year-old girl from Qena (onset date 7 June 2007) (no epidemiological link between these two most recent Egyptian cases).

258. 15 Jun 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 100th human case, in a 27- year-old man from Riau (onset date 3 June 2007).

259. 22 Jun 2007 : Events in Animals : Czech Republic reports its first outbreak ever in poultry (in commercial turkeys).

260. 22 Jun 2007 : Events in Animals : Togo reports its first outbreak ever in poultry (in commercial chickens).

261. 25 June 2007 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 37th human case, in a 4-year-old boy from Qena (onset date 20 June 2007).

262. 25 June 2007 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 101st human case, in a 3- year-old girl from Riau (onset date 18 June 2007).

263. 26 Jun 2007 : Events in Animals : Germany reports H5N1 in wild birds found dead (first reports since detected in commercial poultry in April 2006).

264. 29 Jun 2007 : Events in Animals : Czech Republic reports H5N1 in a dead mute swan (first in wild birds since May 2006).

265. 29 Jun 2007 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms it first human cases since November, 2005, in a 29-year-old man from Vinh Phuc (onset date 10 May 2007) and a 19-year-old man from Thai Nguyen (onset date 20 May 2007). No epidemiological link between these two cases has been identified. There have been 95 human cases in Viet Nam since 2003.

Timeline of major events H5N1 avian influenza (Part 2)


36. 6 Jan 2005 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms 2 further cases.

37. 14 Jan 2005 : Events in Animals : Hong Kong reports H5N1 in one wild bird as part of routine surveillance.

38. 14 Jan 2005 : Events in Humans : Total number of human cases in Viet Nam rises to 6. Sporadic cases continue to be reported over the coming months, making Viet Nam the hardest hit country.

39. 27 Jan 2005 : Events in Humans : Research9 Research concludes that a girl in Thailand probably passed the virus to at least her mother in September 2004, causing fatal disease. This is the first published account of probable secondary human transmission, resulting in severe disease, of any avian influenza virus.

40. 2 Feb 2005 : Events in Humans : Cambodia confirms its first human case, which is fatal.

41. 17 Feb 2005 : Events in Humans : Research10 Research retrospectively identifies at least one fatal atypical case in Viet Nam (from Feb 2004), presenting with diarrhoea and encephalitis, but normal chest X-rays.

42. 29 Mar 2005 : Events in Humans : Cambodia confirms its 2nd human case, also fatal.

43. 12 Apr 2005 : Events in Humans : Cambodia confirms its 3rd human case, also fatal.

44. 30 Apr 2005 : Events in Animals : Wild birds begin dying at Qinghai Lake in central China, where hundreds of thousands of migratory birds congregate. Altogether, 6,345 birds from different species die in the coming weeks. This is the first reported instance of any HPAI causing mass die-offs in wild birds.

45. 4 May 2005 : Events in Humans : Cambodia confirms its 4th human case, also fatal.

46. 8 Jun 2005 : Events in Animals : China reports poultry outbreak in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Reports continue from several provinces, through February 2006.

47. 26 Jun 2005 : Events in Animals : Japan reports LPAI H5N2 in poultry, which continues to be detected through April 2006. Source remains unconfirmed, though one rumour suggests the strain was introduced via improperly prepared vaccine.

48. 30 Jun 2005 : Events in Humans : A WHO investigative team finds no evidence that H5N1 has increased its transmissibility in humans in Viet Nam.

49. 6 Jul 2005 : Events in Animals : Research11 Research on viruses isolated from dead birds in Qinghai Lake suggests the outbreak was caused by a new H5N1 variant that may be more lethal to wild birds and experimentally infected mice.

50. 7 Jul 2005 : Events in Animals : The Philippines reports LPAI (likely an H9) in poultry.

51. 14 Jul 2005 : Events in Animals : Research12 Research on viruses isolated from dead birds in Qinghai Lake demonstrates transmission of the virus among migratory geese and suggests that the virus may be carried along winter migratory routes.

52. 15 Jul 2005 : Events in Animals : H5N1 is detected in three captive Owston’s palm civets that died in late June in a Vietnamese wildlife preserve. This is the first reported infection of this species with the virus. The civets were not fed chicken and the source of infection remains unknown.

53. 21 Jul 2005 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its first human case. Infection in two other family members is considered likely, but cannot be laboratory confirmed. Subsequent investigation is unable to determine the source of infection. Virus has been circulating in poultry in Indonesia since February 2004.

54. 23 Jul 2005 : Events in Animals : Russia reports first outbreaks of H5N1, in poultry in the Novosibirsk region. Dead migratory birds are reported in the vicinity of outbreaks. From 23 July- 22 December 2005, a total of 62 sites in 10 regions are confirmed as HPAI H5N1- positive.

55. 29 Jul 2005 : Events in Animals : Kazakhstan reports first H5N1 in poultry in areas adjacent to Siberia. Dead migratory birds are reported in the vicinity of outbreaks.

56. 2 Aug 2005 : Events in Animals : Indonesia reports H5N1 in poultry and pigs during surveillance in the region where the recent human cases lived (Tangerang district, Banten province, West Java).

57. 10 Aug 2005 : Events in Animals : China reports additional outbreaks in several provinces through February 2006. Vaccination is initiated in affected regions using an H5N2 monovalent inactivated vaccine.

58. 10 Aug 2005 : Events in Animals : Mongolia reports deaths in 89 migratory birds at two lakes in Northern Mongolia. H5N1 is subsequently identified in 4 of the birds.

59. 16 Sep 2005 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 2nd case.

60. 22 Sep 2005 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 3rd case.

61. 29 Sep 2005 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 4th case. Research13 Research describes the clinical features of H5N1 infection and reviews recommendations for the management of cases.

62. Oct 2005 : Events in Humans : Research14 Research on the evolution of human and animal viruses circulating in Asia in 2005 suggests that several amino acids located near the receptor-binding site are undergoing change, some of which may affect antigenicity or transmissibility.

63. 6 Oct 2005 : Events in Animals : Highly pathogenic H5N1 is first reported in poultry in Turkey.

64. 6 Oct 2005 : Events in Humans : Research15, 16 Research describes reconstruction of the lethal 1918 pandemic virus, concludes that this virus was entirely avian, and finds some similarities with H5N1.

65. 7 Oct 2005 : Events in Animals : Highly pathogenic H5N1 is first reported in poultry in Romania. Reports continue through July 2006.

66. 10 Oct 2005 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 5th human case.

67. 20 Oct 2005 : Events in Animals : Taiwan, China reports the detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 in a cargo of exotic songbirds smuggled from mainland China.

68. 20 Oct 2005 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its 18th human case (the first human case in Thailand since October 2004.

69. 21 Oct 2005 : Events in Animals : Croatia first reports H5N1 in wild birds (migratory swans). H5N1 continues to be reported in wild birds on routine surveillance, through April 2006.

70. 23 Oct 2005 : Events in Animals : The United Kingdom reports highly pathogenic H5N1 in an imported parrot, held in quarantine, that died 3 days earlier.

71. 24 Oct 2005 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its 19th human case.

72. 24 Oct 2005 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 6th and 7th human cases.

73. 9 Nov 2005 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms its 65th human case (its first human case since July 2005).

74. 11 Nov 2005 : Events in Animals : Kuwait detects highly pathogenic H5N1 in a single migratory flamingo, marking the first report of this disease in the Gulf region.

75. 17 Nov 2005 : Events in Humans : China confirms its first two human cases, from Hunan and Anhui provinces (does not include the case in 2003, confirmed retrospectively).

76. 24 Nov 2005 : Events in Humans : China confirms its third human case, from Anhui province. Sporadic cases continue to be reported in the coming weeks.

77. 2 Dec 2005 : Events in Animals : Ukraine reports its first H5N1 outbreak in domestic birds in Crimea. Outbreaks continue to be reported through February 2006.

78. 26 Dec 2005 : Events in Animals : Turkey reports a new outbreak in poultry in the eastern province of Igdir. Through April 2006, additional outbreaks are reported in primarily backyard poultry in 11 of the country’s 81 provinces. Wild birds are also reported to be infected. Control measures include culling of poultry in Iraqi Kurdistan and all backyard poultry in Iran within 10 km of the Turkish border. Vaccination is prohibited.

79. Jan 2006 : Events in Animals : Qinghai Lake-like H5N1 viruses are reportedly isolated from cats in Northern Iraq.17

80. Jan 2006 : Events in Humans : By the end of 2005, Indonesia has confirmed a total of 20 cases in humans.

81. 5 Jan 2006 : Events in Humans : Turkey confirms its first two human cases. Sporadic cases continue to be reported in the coming weeks, but rapidly end. Viruses are similar to those currently circulating in birds.

82. 20 Jan 2006 : Events in Animals : Hong Kong reports H5N1 in a dead wild bird (first report since January 2005), and H5N1 reports in wild birds (and in 2 chickens) continue through March 2006. These viruses all belong to H5N1 genotype V, which has previously been recorded in southern China, Japan and South Korea.

83. 30 Jan 2006 : Events in Humans : Iraq confirms its first human case, in a 15-year-old girl in Sulaimaniyah (onset date 9 January 2006).

84. 1 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Iraq reports its first outbreak of H5N1, in backyard flocks in same village where human case detected.

85. 3 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Bulgaria first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans).

86. 8 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Nigeria first reports H5N1 in poultry. This is the first report of the virus in Africa. Outbreaks in poultry and ornamental birds are reported through March 2006.

87. 9 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Greece first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans). Additional reports in wild birds through March 2006.

88. 11 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Italy first reports H5N1 in wild birds.

89. 12 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Slovenia first reports H5N1 in a wild bird (swan). A total of 48 dead wild birds are reported through March 2006.

90. 13 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Iran first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans) found dead on routine surveillance.

91. 13 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Russia reports H5N1 outbreaks (at large commercial farms) in the Caucasus region, near the border with Azerbaijan. Further outbreaks are reported in backyard poultry, pigeons, and wild birds in Tyva Republic, Altaj, Tomsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions through July 2006. (first outbreak reported since October 2005)

92. 13 Feb 2006 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 12th case and 8th fatality. Some human cases have occurred in areas with no reported outbreaks in poultry.

93. 13 Feb 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 25th case and 18th fatality.

94. 14 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Germany first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans). Reports of H5N1 in wild birds on routine surveillance continue through April 2006.

95. 17 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Egypt reports its first H5N1 in domestic poultry (since 1965). Outbreaks continue to be reported through December 2006.

96. 17 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : France first reports H5N1 in a wild duck (followed by additional reports in other wild birds).

97. 17 Feb 2006 : Events in Humans : Iraq confirms its second human case.

98. 18 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : India first reports H5N1 in domestic poultry. Reported outbreaks continue through April 2006.

99. 18 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Austria first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans). Austria continues to find H5N1 in some wild birds on routine surveillance, until April 2006.

100. 19 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Malaysia reports H5N1 in a flock of free-range poultry (last reported September 2004). Outbreaks reported through March 2006.

101. 20 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Bosnia-Herzegovina and Slovakia each first report H5N1 in wild birds (migratory swans).

102. 21 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Hungary first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans). Research18 Studies of H5N1 viruses show that multiple genetically and antigenically distinct sublineages of the virus are now established in poultry in parts of Asia. Poultry-to-poultry transmission is thought to sustain endemicity of the virus in this region. H5N1 virus is isolated from apparently healthy migratory birds in southern China, suggesting that migratory birds can carry the virus over long distances.

103. 23 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : West Bank/Gaza Strip first reports H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks reported through April 2006.

104. 24 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Azerbaijan first reports H5N1 in migratory birds. H5N1 is later also confirmed in poultry. Georgia first reports H5N1in wild birds (swans).

105. 25 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : France first reports H5N1 in a single turkey farm, marking the first appearance of this disease in domestic poultry in the EU. Had previously been identified in wild birds in France.

106. 27 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Niger first reports H5N1 in domestic poultry (area near border with affected states of northern Nigeria). Pakistan first reports H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks are reported through July 2006.

107. 28 Feb 2006 : Events in Animals : Germany reports H5N1 infection in a dead domestic cat on the Isle of Ruegen. Two more cats on the Island are found to be infected in March. Cats are thought to have been exposed by eating infected birds.

108. 1 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Serbia-Montenegro first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans).

109. 1 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Switzerland first reports H5N1 in a dead wild bird. Additional wild birds are reported positive in March and April from various locations throughout the country on routine surveillance.

110. 6 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Poland first reports H5N1 in wild birds (swans). Reports continue through May 2006.

111. 7 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Albania first reports H5N1 in poultry (chickens).

112. 7 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Austria reports H5N1 in 3 domestic cats in an animal shelter.

113. 9 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Germany reports H5N1 infection in a stone marten on the Isle of Ruegen, marking the first documented infection of this species with an avian influenza virus.

114. 9 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Myanmar reports H5N1 in poultry (first since 1996).

115. 11 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Cameroon first reports H5N1 in domestic ducks.

116. 13 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Serbia-Montenegro first reports H5N1 in poultry (1 rooster). Had been previously reported in wild birds.

117. 13 Mar 2006 : Events in Humans : Iraq has its third human case, in a 3-year- -old boy (case retrospectively confirmed in September, 2006)

118. 14 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Denmark first reports H5N1 in a wild bird. Reports in wild birds continue through May of 2006.

119. 14 Mar 2006 : Events in Humans : Azerbaijan confirms its first human cases (onset dates from mid-February 2006).

120. 15 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Afghanistan first reports H5N1 in poultry and a crow.

121. 16 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Israel first reports H5N1 in poultry.

122. 16 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Sweden first reports H5N1 in 36 dead wild birds tested in February and March (no increase in overall wild bird mortality)

123. 17 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Khazakstan reports H5N1 in wild birds (first since August 2005)

124. 17 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Sweden first reports HPAI H5 (no N type given) in poultry in a game bird holding within the surveillance zone set up in response to detection of H5N1 in wild birds.

125. 20 Mar 2006 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its first human case in a 30-year-old woman from Qalubiya (onset early March 2006).

126. 23 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Cambodia reports its first outbreak in poultry since December 2004. Outbreaks continue to be reported through fall 2006.

127. 23 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Jordan first reports H5N1 in poultry.

128. 23 Mar 2006 : Events in Humans : Research19, 20 Two research groups publish findings that may help explain why the H5N1 virus does not easily infect humans or – like normal seasonal influenza – spread readily by coughing or sneezing. Whereas human influenza viruses attach themselves to molecules in cells lining the nose and throat, avian viruses prefer to bind to molecules located deep in the lungs. Such findings are consistent with the clinical picture of H5N1 infection, in which most patients present with symptoms of infection in the lower respiratory tract, with rapid progression to pneumonia.

129. 27 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Czech Republic first reports H5N1 in a wild bird (swan). Reports in wild swans continue through May 2006.

130. 27 Mar 2006 : Events in Animals : Sweden detects H5N1 in a wild mink in southern Sweden in an area where wild birds cases have been detected.

131. 3 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : Burkina Faso first reports H5N1 in poultry (guineafowl).

132. 5 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : Germany first reports H5N1 in poultry, in turkeys on a single farm (previously reported in wild birds).

133. 6 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : United Kingdom first reports H5N1 in a single wild bird (swan).

134. 6 Apr 2006 : Events in Humans : Cambodia confirms its 6th human case in a 12-year-old boy from Prey Yang (onset date 29 March 2006) (first human case in Cambodia since April 2005).

135. 12 Apr 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 31st human case in a 23-year-old man from West Java (onset date 20 March 2006).

136. 13 Apr 2006 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 12th human case in a 18-year-old woman from Minufiyah (onset date 5 April 2006).

137. 17 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : Sudan first reports H5N1 in poultry (both intensive and backyard systems). Additional outbreaks reported through October 2006.

138. 19 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : China reports H5N1 in wild aquatic and other birds in Qinghai and Tibet regions.

139. 19 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : Côte d’Ivoire first reports H5N1 in poultry and a wild bird. Outbreaks continue to be reported through July 2006.

140. 19 Apr 2006 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 17th human case in an 21-year-old man from Hubei (onset date 1 April 2006).

141. 19 Apr 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 32nd human case in a 24-year-old man from Banten (onset date 29 March 2006).

142. 24 Apr 2006 : Events in Animals : Djibouti reports its first case of H5N1 in poultry.

143. 27 Apr 2006 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 18th human case in an 8-year-old girl from Sichuan (onset date 16 April 2006).

144. 4 May 2006 : Events in Animals : Mongolia reports H5N1 in dead wild birds on routine surveillance through June 2006 (last report August 2005).

145. 4 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 13th human case in a 27-year-old woman from Cairo (onset date 15 April 2006).

146. 8 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 33rd human case in a 30-year-old man from Jakarta (onset date 17 April 2006)

147. 9 May 2006 : Events in Animals : Ukraine first reports HPAI H5 in wild birds (previously reported in poultry)

148. 12 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Djibouti confirms its first human case in a 2-year-old girl from Arta (onset date 23 April 2006).

149. 18 May 2006 : Events in Animals : Denmark reports its first outbreak of H5N1 HPAI in domestic poultry (was previously reported in wild birds). An outbreak of H5N2 LPAI was also reported during this period.

150. 18 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 14th case in a 75-year- -old woman from Al Minya (onset date 11 May 2006).

151. 18 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia reports the largest family cluster in any country to date, with 7 confirmed cases (the 34th through 39th and the 42nd) from 4 households in the Karo district of North Sumatra. The index case (unconfirmed) develops symptoms on 24 Apr, the last case dies on 22 May. Cases include the index case's 2 sons, (aged 15 and 17 years), her 10-year-old nephew, her 2 brothers (aged 25 and 32 years), her 28-year-old sister, and this sister's 18-month-old daughter. Disease does not spread beyond the extended family. Limited human to human transmission can not be ruled out. Viruses do not show any significant genetic mutations or reassortment.

152. 18 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia also confirms its 40th human case, in a 38-year-old woman from East Java (onset date 2 May 2006).

153. 19 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 41st human case in a 12-year-old boy from East Jakarta (onset date 7 May 2006).

154. 29 May 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 43rd - 48th human cases in an 18-year-old man from East Java (onset date 6 May 2006), a 10-year¬old girl and her 18-year--old brother from West Java (both with onset date 16 May 2006), a 39-year-old man from Jakarta (onset date 9 May 2006), a 43-year-old man from Jakarta (onset date 6 May 2006), and a 15-year-old girl from West Sumatra (onset date 17 May 2006). All 6 cases are unrelated to the family cluster in Karo, North Sumatra.

155. 4 Jun 2006 : Events in Animals : China reports its first cases in poultry since February 2006. Outbreaks reported from various provinces through October 2006.

156. 6 Jun 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 49th human case in a 15-year-old boy from West Java (onset date 26 May 2006).

157. 9 Jun 2006 : Events in Animals : Hungary reports its first H5N1 in poultry (previously reported in wild birds).

158. 15 Jun 2006 : Events in Animals : Ukraine reports H5N1 in poultry (first report since February 2006), first reported in wild birds in May 2006.

159. 15 Jun 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 50th human case in a 7-year-old girl from Banten (onset date 26 May 2006).

160. 16 Jun 2006 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 19th human case, in a 31-year-old man from Guandong (onset date 3 June 2006).

161. 20 Jun 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 51st human case in a 13-year-old boy from Jakarta (onset date 9 June 2006).

162. 30 Jun 2006 : Events in Humans : Research21 The first analysis of epidemiological data on all 205 laboratory-confirmed H5N1 cases officially reported to WHO from Dec 2003 to 30 Apr 2006 is published by WHO.

163. 4 Jul 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 52nd human case in a 5-year-old boy from East Java (onset date 8 June 2006).

164. 7 Jul 2006 : Events in Animals : Spain first reports H5N1 in a single wild shore bird (grebe) in northern region.

165. 14 Jul 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 53rd human case in a 3-year-old girl from Jakarta (onset date 23 June 2006).

166. 20 Jul 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 54th human case in a 44-year-old man from Jakarta (onset date 24 June 2006).

167. 26 Jul 2006 : Events in Animals : Thailand reports two H5N1 outbreaks in poultry (in Phichit and Nakhon Phanom provinces). These are the first reported in more than 8 months. Poultry vaccination remains prohibited.

168. 26 Jul 2006 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its 23rd human case in a 17-year-old boy from Phichit in northern Thailand (onset date 15 July 2006) (the first human case in Thailand in 2006).

169. 27 Jul 2006 : Events in Animals : Lao PDR reports H5N1 in poultry (first reported since January 2004)

170. 3 Aug 2006 : Events in Animals : H5N1 is detected in a captive zoo swan in Germany (previously reported in both wild and domestic birds)

171. 30 Aug 2006 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports H5N1 in unvaccinated duck flocks and market ducks on routine surveillance. Ducks did not show clinical signs. (First report since December 2005)

172. 7 Aug 2006 : Events in Animals : Thailand confirms its 24th human case in a 27-year-old man from Uthai Thani in central Thailand (onset date 24 July 2006).

173. 8 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : China retrospectively confirms its 20th human case in a 24-year-old man from Beijing (onset date 25 November 2003) who died. This case becomes the first confirmed case of HPAI H5N1 infection in the present outbreak. The case was initially attributed to SARS.

174. 8 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 55th human case in a 16-year-old boy from West Java (onset date 26 July 2006), and becomes the country with the most human deaths (n=43) from H5N1 HPAI infection, surpassing Viet Nam. A system for unified H5N1 nomenclature, developed by the WHO/OIE/FAO Evolution Working Group, is posted on the WHO website (http://www.who.int/csr/ disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/ nomenclature/en/index.html) and the OFFLU website (www.offlu.net).

175. 9 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 56th human case in an 17-year-old girl from Jakarta (onset date 28 July 2006).

176. 14 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 57th human case in an 17-year-old boy from West Java (Cikelet/Garut Cluster) (onset date 26 July 2006).

177. 14 Aug 2006 : Events in Animals : The USA detects LPAI H5N1 in wild mute swans in Michigan.

178. 14 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 21st human case in a 62-year-old man from the Uygur Autonomous Region in north-western China (onset date 19 June 2006).

179. 17 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 58th human case in an 9-year-old girl from West Java (Cikelet/Garut Cluster) (onset date 1 August 2006).

180. 21 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 59th human case in an 35-year-old woman from West Java (Cikelet/Garut Cluster) (onset date 8 August 2006). In this cluster, there was no evidence of human to human transmission, poultry deaths were possibly linked with live chickens returning to village from live animal market, and there were possible additional human cases that were not confirmed.

181. 23 Aug 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 60th human case in an 6-year-old girl from West Java (onset date 6 August 2006).

182. 2 Sep 2006 : Events in Animals : The USA detects LPAI H5N1 in wild ducks in Pennsylvania and Maryland.

183. 8 Sep 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 61st human case in an 14-year-old girl from South Sulawesi (onset date 18 June 2006). Due to revisions to the WHO case definition, two cases are retrospectively confirmed in Indonesia: The 62nd in an 8-year-old girl from Banten (onset date 24 June 2005) and the 63rd in a 45-year¬old man from central Java (onset date 25 November 2005).

184. 14 Sep 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 64th human case in a 5-year-old boy from West Java (onset date 4 March 2006)and (through follow up testing) its 65th human case in a 27-year-old male from West Sumatra (onset date 28 May 2006) (brother of 15- year-old girl; was possible human to human transmission).

185. 25 Sep 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 66th human case in an 11-year-old boy from East Java (onset date 16 September 2006)and its 67th human case in a 9-year-old boy from Jakarta (onset date 13 September 2006).

186. 27 Sep 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 68th human case in a 20-year-old man from West Java (onset date 17 September 2006).

187. 27 Sep 2006 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its 25th human case, in a 59-year-old man from Nong Bua Lam Phu Province in Northeastern Thailand (onset date 14 July 2006).

188. 3 Oct 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 69th human case in a 21-year-old woman from East Java (onset date 19 September 2006) (the sister of the 66th case).

189. 11 Oct 2006 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 15th human case, in a 39-year-old woman from Gharbiya (onset date 30 September 2006) (the first human case since May 2006).

190. 16 Oct 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 70th human case in a 67-year-old woman from West Java (onset date 3 October 2006), its 71st human case in a 11-year-old boy from Jakarta (onset date 2 October 2006), and its 72nd human case in a 27-year-old woman from Central Java (onset date 8 October 2006).

191. 30 Oct 2006 : Events in Animals : Research22 A surveillance study of H5N1 isolates from poultry in southern China confirms that subtypes continue to emerge and their relative prevalence continues to change.

192. 13 Nov 2006 : Events in Humans : Indonesia confirms its 73rd human case in a 35-year-old woman from Banten (onset date 7 November 2006) and its 74th human case, in a 30 month old boy from West Java (onset date 10 November 2006).

193. 22 Nov 2006 : Events in Animals : Republic of Korea reports H5N1 in poultry (first since September 2004). Outbreaks continue to be reported.
194. 10 Dec 2006 : Events in Humans : China confirms its 22nd human case in a 37-year-old man from Anhui (onset date 10 December 2006) (retrospectively confirmed on 10 January 2007).

195. 14 Dec 2006 : Events in Animals : In an effort to contain the disease, live animal markets in Beijing, China are permanently closed.

196. 19 Dec 2006 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam reports H5N1 in unvaccinated poultry (first report since August 2006). Outbreaks become widespread in the southern part of the country.

197. 27 Dec 2006 : Events in Humans : Egypt confirms its 16th, 17th, and 18th human cases in an extended family in Gharbiyah (onset dates 9-15 December 2006). The isolated viruses had a genetic mutation, linked in laboratory testing to moderately reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir. WHO does not change treatment recommendations.

Timeline of major events H5N1 avian influenza (Part 1)

Early Events


1. 1996 : Events in Animals : Highly pathogenic H5N1 virus is isolated from a farmed goose in Guangdong Province, China.

2. 1997 : Events in Animals : Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 are reported in poultry at farms and live animal markets in Hong Kong.

3. 1997 : Events in Humans : Human infections with avian influenza H5N1 are reported in Hong Kong. Altogether, 18 cases (6 fatal) are reported in the first known instance of human infection with this virus.

4. Feb 2003 : Events in Humans : Two human cases of avian influenza H5N1 infection (one fatal) are confirmed in a Hong Kong family with a recent travel history to Fujian Province, China. A third family member died of severe respiratory disease while in mainland China, but no samples were taken.


Subsequent Events
1. 25 Nov 2003 : Events in Humans : A fatal human case of avian influenza H5N1 infection occurs in China in a 24-year-old man from Beijing and is attributed to SARS. This case is retrospectively confirmed in August of 2006 (as the 20th human case in China).

2. 12 Dec 2003 : Events in Animals : Republic of Korea first reports H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks continue through September 2004.

3. Dec 2003 - Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam first reports H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks continue to be reported on a regular basis. investigation identifies a H5N1 virus similar to that circulating in poultry. This is the first report of influenza causing disease and death in big cats.

4. 8 Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Viet Nam first reports H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks continue to be reported on a regular basis.

5. 11 Jan 2004 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam identifies H5N1 as the cause of human cases of severe respiratory disease with high fatality. Sporadic human cases are reported through mid-March.

6. 12 Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Japan first reports H5N1 in poultry, outbreaks continue in commercial poultry through March 2004.

7. 19 Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Hong Kong reports H5N1 in a dead wild bird (first report in birds since poultry outbreak in 1997)

8. 23 Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Thailand first reports H5N1 in poultry. By the end of January, 32 provinces (throughout the north and several in the south) report outbreaks in many types of poultry, including fighting cocks, and outbreaks continue to be reported throughout the year. The virus appears closely related to the isolates from human cases in Viet Nam. Thailand prohibits vaccination of poultry.

9. 23 Jan 2004 : Events in Humans : Thailand reports two laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with H5N1. Sporadic human cases are reported through mid-March.

10. 24 Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Cambodia first reports H5N1 in poultry.

11. 27 Jan 2004 : Events in Animals : Lao PDR first reports H5N1 in poultry.

12. 1 Feb 2004 : Events in Humans : Investigation of a family cluster of H5N1
cases, which occurred in Viet Nam in early January, cannot rule out the possibility of limited human-to-human transmission.

13. 2 Feb 2004 : Events in Animals : Indonesia first reports H5N1 in poultry in 11 provinces. Outbreaks continue to be reported. Vaccination is allowed.

14. 4 Feb 2004 : Events in Animals : China first reports H5N1 in poultry. During February-March, 16 mainland provinces are affected, and approx. 9 million poultry culled. Government-subsidized vaccination initiated.

15. 20 Feb 2004 : Events in Animals : A report from Thailand confirms that a domestic cat was infected with H5N1 after eating an infected pigeon.1

16. 18 Mar 2004 : Events in Humans : Research2 Case studies of 10 patients in Viet Nam point to close contact with infected poultry as the probable source of infection in most cases, but conclude that, in two family clusters, limited human-to-human transmission within the family cannot be ruled out.

17. Jun/Jul 2004 : Events in Animals : China reports recurrence of H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks continue to be reported in Indonesia, Viet Nam and Thailand.

18. 8 Jul 2004 : Events in Animals : Research3 Research identifies the dominant Z genotype in poultry, considers possible role of wild birds in spread, and concludes that H5N1 has found a new ecological niche in poultry, but is not yet fully adapted to this host.

19. 13 Jul 2004 : Events in Animals : Research4 Research shows that H5N1 has become progressively more lethal for mammals and can kill wild waterfowl, long considered a disease-free natural reservoir.

20. Jul 2004 : Events in Humans : Research5 A case report is published indicating atypical human H5N1 infection in Thailand (from March 2004), with fever and diarrhoea but no respiratory symptoms. The report suggests that the clinical spectrum of disease may be broader than previously thought.

21. 12 Aug 2004 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam reports 3 new human cases, all fatal (first cases since February). Dates of hospital admission are from 19 July to 8 August.

22. 19 Aug 2004 : Events in Animals : Malaysia (peninsular) first reports H5N1 in poultry. Outbreaks and positive avian surveillance samples continue to be reported through September 2004.

23. 20 Aug 2004 : Events in Animals : Research6 Chinese researchers report preliminary findings of H5N1 infection in pigs. No evidence suggests that pig infections are widespread, and the finding appears to have limited epidemiological significance.

24. 2 Sep 2004 : Events in Animals : Research7 Research shows that domestic cats experimentally infected with H5N1 develop severe disease and can spread infection to other cats. Prior to this research, domestic cats were considered resistant to disease from all influenza A viruses.

25. 7 Sep 2004 : Events in Humans : A 4th fatal human case is reported in Viet Nam.

26. 9 Sep 2004 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its third fatal case of human infection.

27. 28 Sep 2004 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms 2 further human cases.

28. 4 Oct 2004 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its 4th human case.

29. 18 Oct 2004 : Events in Animals : Two healthy Hawk-Eagles smuggled from Thailand are seized at Brussels International Airport. HPAI H5N1 is isolated.

30. 20 Oct 2004 : Events in Animals : A second outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in zoo tigers in Thailand occurs. It is attributed to tigers having been fed fresh chicken carcasses and whole chickens. Altogether, 147 tigers out of a population of 441 die or are euthanized. No virus is detected in birds in zoo or local area.

31. 25 Oct 2004 : Events in Humans : Thailand confirms its 5th human case.

32. 29 Oct 2004 : Events in Animals : Research8 Research confirms that domestic ducks can act as silent reservoirs, excreting large quantities of highly pathogenic virus yet showing few if any signs of illness.

33. 3 Nov 2004 : Events in Animals : Hong Kong SAR reports H5N1 in a dead wild bird (last report January 2004).

34. Dec 2004 : Events in Animals : Poultry outbreaks continue in Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam and possibly also in Cambodia and Lao PDR. Reported outbreaks continue more or less continuously in Indonesia through August 2006, in Thailand through November 2005, and in Viet Nam though December 2005.

35. 30 Dec 2004 : Events in Humans : Viet Nam confirms a new case.

Travel Notices - CDC Travelers' Health

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